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英語四級真題長難句解析
大學(xué)英語四級考試,即CET-4,College English Test Band 4的縮寫,是由國家教育部高等教育司主持的全國性英語考試。下面是小編整理的英語四級真題長難句解析,一起來看看吧。
英語四級真題長難句解析1
真題長難句解析
1、Ultimately, however, our basic design strategy is focused not simply on being “l(fā)ess bad” but on creating completely healthful materials that can be either safely returned to the soil or reused by industry again and again.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。句子主干為our basic design strategy is focused not on being “l(fā)ess bad” but on creating healthful materials。that引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾materials。however 意為“然而”,是插入成分。not…but…意為“不是……而是……”,連接兩個(gè)介詞短語。either…or…意為“或者……或者……”,表示并列結(jié)構(gòu)。
【譯文】然而最終,我們的基本設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)不僅是簡單地關(guān)注于“較低危害”,而是發(fā)明完全有益于健康的材料,這種材料或可以無害地回歸土地,或可以被工業(yè)重復(fù)利用。
2、As you sleep you pass through a sequence of sleep states — light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep — that repeats approximately every 90 minutes.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。主句主干為you pass through a sequence of sleep states。as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,表示“當(dāng)……時(shí)”。that引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,修飾a sequence of sleep states,that在從句中作主語。light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep 是插入成分,具體說明 states 的內(nèi)容。
【譯文】人們睡覺時(shí)經(jīng)歷了一連串的睡眠階段——淺度睡眠階段,深度睡眠階段,快速眼動(dòng)睡眠階段——大約每90分鐘重復(fù)一次。
3、You program the clock with the latest time at which you want to be wakened, and it then duly(適時(shí)地) wakes you during the last light sleep phase before that.
【分析】本句為并列復(fù)合句。句子主干為You program the clock, and it wakes you。at which 引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾 time,which 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語,at+時(shí)間是固定搭配,所以 which 之前加介詞 at,表示在某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)。句末的 that 指代 the latest time。
【譯文】將鬧鐘調(diào)好至你想起床的時(shí)間,它便會適時(shí)地在之前的最后一個(gè)淺眠期將你叫醒。
4、Home builders can now use materials — such as paints that release significantly reduced amounts of organic compounds — that don’t destroy the quality of the air, water, or soil.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。主句為Home builders can now use materials。such as… compounds是舉例說明,作插入語。第一個(gè) that 引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾 paints;第二個(gè) that 引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾 materials。
【譯文】房屋建造者們現(xiàn)在可以使用不破壞空氣、水或土壤的材料,如釋放少量有機(jī)物的涂料。
5、We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices that have a beneficial effect on the world.
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。主句為We’re giving people high-quality, healthful products and an opportunity to make choices。that 引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾 choices,that 在從句中作主語。to make choices 作 opportunity 的定語。
【譯文】我們提供高質(zhì)量和健康的產(chǎn)品,提供做選擇的機(jī)會,他們可以選擇對世界有益的產(chǎn)品。
6、This jumping to our children’s defence is part of what fuels the “walking on eggshells” feeling that surrounds our dealings with other people’s children. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為…jumping to our children’s defence is part of…。what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句what fuels…feelings作of的賓語。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that surrounds…children修飾feeling。
【譯文】這種對孩子的急切保護(hù),加劇了我們在處理別人孩子的事情時(shí),那種“在蛋殼上行走”的感覺。
7、Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you’ll die on average five years before a woman. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句為簡單句。句子主干為 you’ll die…。Assuming…term 為條件狀語。about 78 years for men in Australia作插入語,是對natural term的解釋說明,去掉后,句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和語義仍完整。
【譯文】假定你有幸活到了生命的自然盡頭——在澳大利亞男性大概是78歲——你平均也要比女性早去世五年。
8、Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker’s cough for a year. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。主句為Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man。 who引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾 a 50-year-old man。delay后常接動(dòng)名詞,表示“推遲做某事”。smoker’s cough指吸煙引起的咳嗽。
【譯文】兩個(gè)月前,古麗塔遇見一位50歲的男人,他耽擱了一年而未對吸煙引起的咳嗽做任何處理。
9、Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句為并列復(fù)合句。when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,according to…是介詞短語。conducted by Verde Group and Wharton School作后置定語修飾a study。the last one to do sth.意為“最后一個(gè)做某事的人”。
【譯文】據(jù)沃德集團(tuán)和沃頓商學(xué)院所做的一份聯(lián)合調(diào)查顯示,商店經(jīng)理總是最后一個(gè)接到投訴,并且通常是當(dāng)他們的常客決定定期光顧他們的競爭對手時(shí)才發(fā)現(xiàn)。
10、“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句中的直接引語為復(fù)合句。句子主干為Retailers are more likely to smooth over issues than those, more…than是比較級結(jié)構(gòu)。第一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾Retailers,第二個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾those。
【譯文】史提芬.霍克教授說:“與那些態(tài)度不友好的零售商相比,能夠及時(shí)作出反應(yīng)且態(tài)度友好的零售商更有可能平息事端!
英語四級閱讀備考:真題長難句解析(3)
11、He believes most diseases that commonly affect men could be addressed by preventive check-ups. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為He believes…diseases…could be addressed…。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that commonly affect men修飾most diseases。by preventive check-ups為be addressed的方式狀語。
【譯文】他相信,那些經(jīng)常感染男性的疾病大多數(shù)都可以通過預(yù)防性的檢查來處理掉。
12、Shoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, coworkers, strangers — and anyone who will listen. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為Shoppers seldom complain to…but…will alert…。破折號在這里起到強(qiáng)調(diào)或引起別人注意破折號后面要說的話的作用。在破折號后,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句who will listen修飾的是anyone。
【譯文】顧客很少向經(jīng)理或者零售店的老板投訴,相反,他們會轉(zhuǎn)而向他們的朋友、親戚、同事、陌生人——以及任何可以聽到的人吐苦水。
13、This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句為簡單句,主干為This guidance eliminated the need…and avoided confrontation…。eyeing the same parking space為現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語,修飾those。
【譯文】這些引導(dǎo)消除了顧客在停車場無盡地兜圈子的必要,而且避免了顧客之間因搶占空車位而引發(fā)的沖突。
14、Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. (2008年12月)
【分析】本句為簡單句,主干為Customers can…improve…experiences。方式狀語by filling complaints to the retailer修飾improve future shopping experiences。instead of表示否定,其前后成分結(jié)構(gòu)一致,complaining前其實(shí)省略了by。
【譯文】顧客也可以通過向零售商投訴來改善今后的購物體驗(yàn),而不是向全世界其他的人抱怨。
15、A code of conduct is hard to create when you’re living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last.(2008年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主句為A code of conduct is hard to create,從句為when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句when you’re living…last。從句中又包括兩個(gè)由介詞in加which引導(dǎo)的定語從句in which everyone is…sleep和in which nice…last,先行詞均為a world。
【譯文】當(dāng)你生活在一個(gè)每個(gè)人都因加班工作、缺乏睡眠而筋疲力盡的社會,在一個(gè)好人最后總是吃虧的社會時(shí),很難創(chuàng)造出一套行為準(zhǔn)則。
16、Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為Todd Park said…。a local detective為Todd Park的同位語。the method has…為省略了引導(dǎo)詞that的賓語從句,該賓語從句中又包含一個(gè)由whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句whose skeleton…Lake,修飾的是woman。
【譯文】當(dāng)?shù)氐膫商絋odd Park說這個(gè)方法幫助他了解到關(guān)于一具在大鹽湖附近發(fā)現(xiàn)的不明身份女尸骸的更多信息。
17、He had a perfect résumé and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為He had a…résumé and gave…responses, but the fact…said untrustworthy…so she decided…。從句that he never looked her in the eye為the fact的同位語。and連接He的兩個(gè)謂賓,but表轉(zhuǎn)折,so則表結(jié)果。
【譯文】這位應(yīng)試者的履歷非常完美,并且對她的問題回答得不錯(cuò),但是,他不敢正視她這一事實(shí)意味著“不值得信賴”,因此她決定把工作留給第二個(gè)候選人。
18、When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past, from the media, peers, family, friends, etc., we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed (有缺陷的) or contrary to our fundamental values. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主句為we begin to realize…,從句為When引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句When we…etc.。主句中包括一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that some…values,作realize的賓語。從句中包含了一個(gè)由what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句what we think,作challenge的賓語;而think后又帶了一個(gè)省略引導(dǎo)詞的賓語從句we have learned from…etc.。
【譯文】當(dāng)我們開始質(zhì)疑自己的假設(shè),并且向那些我們認(rèn)為是從我們的過去、媒體、同輩、家人、朋友等那里學(xué)到的東西發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)的時(shí)候,我們就開始意識到我們的結(jié)論有些是有缺陷的,或者說與我們的基本價(jià)值是相違背的。
19、We need to train ourselves to think differently, shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us, creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為We need to…。to后帶了三個(gè)并列的不定式,分別是train ourselves to think,shift our mindsets和realize,而that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句that diversity opens…us則作realize的賓語。creating…communities作伴隨狀語,該狀語中又包括一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that benefit everyone,修飾的是opportunities。
【譯文】我們需要訓(xùn)練自己用不同的思維方式去思考,轉(zhuǎn)變我們的思維,并且意識到多元化的大門向我們每一個(gè)人開放,這樣就能創(chuàng)造機(jī)會,使組織和社區(qū)中的每一個(gè)人都受益。
20、They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think, ‘Geez, if it could happen to him, …’(2008年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主句為They only come in,從句為when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。從句中包含兩個(gè)由and連接的`并列結(jié)構(gòu)a friend drops dead和they think…!瓽eez…’為think的賓語,該賓語的省略號里其實(shí)省略了與it could happen to him結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)的it could happen to me too。
【譯文】某個(gè)朋友在打高爾夫時(shí)猝死,他們會想:‘天啊,如果這能在他身上發(fā)生……’,只有這個(gè)時(shí)候他們才會來(醫(yī)院)。
21、Scott Hahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loomstate, which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to find. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為Scott Hahn says…。high-quality sustainable…find為says的賓語。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句which uses all-organic cotton修飾的是Rogan and Loomstate。cofounder with Gregory為Scott Hahn的同位語。
【譯文】Scott Hahn與Gregory同為使用全有機(jī)棉的Rogan和Loomstate公司的創(chuàng)始人,他聲稱,高質(zhì)量的可持續(xù)使用面料仍然很難尋覓到。
22、Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you’re doing and what your customers are used to,” he says. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為Most designers…are finding…。there aren’t…used to為省略了that的賓語從句。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that can just replace…修飾fabrics。what引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)賓語從句what you’re doing和what your customers are used to作replace的賓語。
【譯文】他說,“大多數(shù)現(xiàn)有品牌設(shè)計(jì)師發(fā)現(xiàn),并沒有匹配的面料能代替你正用著的和顧客們已經(jīng)適應(yīng)的面料!
23、Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs (企業(yè)家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為… Designers & Agents stopped charging…and gave special recognition…。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句who attend its…York修飾entrepreneurs,whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句whose collections are…sustainable修飾designers。
【譯文】去年,頗具影響力的Designers & Agents對參加其在洛杉磯和紐約舉辦的兩次春季展覽的年輕環(huán)保企業(yè)家們實(shí)行免費(fèi)入場,同時(shí)給予那些作品中包括至少四分之一可持續(xù)產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)師們以特別表彰。
24、This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional (過渡型的) cotton at higher prices, thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為Wal-Mart is set to announce a… initiative。aimed…organic為后置定語,修飾initiative。冒號后的句子it will buy…prices即initiative的內(nèi)容,相當(dāng)于initiative的同位語從句。helping to…sustainable作伴隨狀語。
【譯文】本周沃爾瑪特打算宣布一大重要舉措,旨在幫助種植棉花的農(nóng)民走有機(jī)種植之路:它將以稍高價(jià)收購過渡型的棉花,以此幫助擴(kuò)大一種主要的可持續(xù)使用面料的供應(yīng)量。
25、Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand (縷) of hair, a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims. (2009年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句,主干為Scientists have devised a way…。a technique為a way的同位語。where引導(dǎo)的賓語從句where…lived作determine的賓語。using…h(huán)air為現(xiàn)在分詞作方式狀語。that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that…victims修飾technique。
【譯文】科學(xué)家已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)出一個(gè)方法,憑借人的一縷頭發(fā)便能大致確定某人曾經(jīng)居住過的地點(diǎn),這項(xiàng)技術(shù)可能能夠幫助跟蹤鎖定犯罪嫌疑人或不明身份案件受害人的活動(dòng)場所。
四級閱讀理解長難句有以下六大特點(diǎn):
1、 主語拉長
一般來講,漢語主語比較簡短。相比之下,英語中主語一旦拉長,就會增加讀者的理解難度。
解決方法:有效分解主謂成分,斷開之后各個(gè)擊破。例如:
The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have also attracted more people to the region. (2005.6)
首先,把原句子分解為兩個(gè)簡單獨(dú)立的句子:
(1)The streams, lakes, meadows(草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脈、森林,使得Pocono成為黑熊理想的棲息地
。2)have also attracted more people to the region. 吸引了越來越多的人們來到這里。
其次,句子整合翻譯:
溪流、湖泊、草地、山脈、森林,這些不僅使得Pocono成為黑熊理想的棲息地,而且吸引了越來越多的人們來到這里。
2、 分詞短語打頭,句子呈現(xiàn)三段(或三段以上)的長句式
分詞短語(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)做狀語,這一句式比較常見,讀者閱讀時(shí)由于要區(qū)分短語和主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系,所以理解上有難度。并且分詞短語本身往往由于摻入了插入語成分,理解上就更為困難。
解決方法:理清主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)關(guān)系。一般來說現(xiàn)在分詞與主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系;而過去分詞與主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
例如:
Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvanis, the Conservancy’s Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection. (2005.6)
翻譯:在賓西法尼亞州的朗龐德村莊有一棟上百年歷史的校舍,大自然保護(hù)協(xié)會的成員巴德-庫克就在這里辦公,他與當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣窈蜕虡I(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)合作,以努力平衡好經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護(hù)之間的關(guān)系。
注意:介詞短語位于句首類似分詞短語形式。例如:
In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. (2005.1)
翻譯:有一段時(shí)間,美國的兒童學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)不盡如人意,許多人于是轉(zhuǎn)向日本,想從中尋求可能的解決辦法,因?yàn)槿毡静粌H經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力強(qiáng),而且學(xué)術(shù)成就也很高。
特別注意不定式to位于句首表目的,一定是考試重點(diǎn)。例如:
原文:To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. (2005.1)
翻譯:為了使孩子能在一年級和以后有良好的表現(xiàn),日本的學(xué)校并不教授閱讀、寫作、和算數(shù),而是教孩子們諸如毅力、注意力和群體合作能力等技巧。
考題:In Japan’s preshcool education, the focus is on
A. preparing children academically B. developing children’s artistic interests
C. tapping children’s potential D. shaping children’s character
3、 多個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞連用
簡單句之所以簡單是因?yàn)槌煞謫我槐阌谧x者理解。而四級閱讀理解中,出題人為增加閱讀難度,就會把幾個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞放在一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中。但是無論局勢如何變化,英語句子本身就猶如一棵大樹,只能有一個(gè)主干起支撐作用,其他起輔助作用。
解決方法:遇到多個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞連用情況要分清主句謂語動(dòng)詞和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞。剔除細(xì)枝末節(jié)之后,句子也就好理解了。例如:
Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spell misery, but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts. (2005.1)
解析:此句是由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。前面一句話容易理解,謂語動(dòng)詞是spell,關(guān)鍵看后一句話。but引導(dǎo)的句子黑體下劃線是主語,該句子真正謂語動(dòng)詞是may make,如下面所示:
but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感) may make a difference in how long the misery lasts.
翻譯:喉嚨發(fā)癢、鼻塞、渾身酸痛都令人痛苦,但是能夠確定造成這種痛苦的根源是普通感冒還是流感,對這種痛苦能折磨你多就會起關(guān)鍵作用。
4、舉例作為插入語(顯著詞such as; for example; including etc.)
插入語主要起補(bǔ)充或說明的作用,我們在進(jìn)行快速閱讀的時(shí)候通常會把它省略,即忽略不看。但是,筆者在這里要提出的一點(diǎn)是,如果根據(jù)文章問題回原文定位句子時(shí),如果定位的關(guān)鍵句子包含了以上插入語中的任何一種形式,則答案往往就在此處。例如:
原文:Finally, other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
考題: Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of
A. instrumental support B. informational support
C. social companionship D. the strengthening of self-respect
。1)Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. (2005.1)
翻譯:普通感冒患者的一些典型癥狀,如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉嚨發(fā)癢,發(fā)作比較緩慢,成人和青少年患者一般不會有發(fā)熱癥狀。
。2)And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms. (2005.1)
翻譯:一般來說,流感癥狀包括發(fā)燒、發(fā)冷、喉嚨發(fā)癢、渾身疼痛,比普通感冒的癥狀來得突然和猛烈。
☆注意:舉例有時(shí)可以換成短語,如介詞短語、不定式短語等等;還可以換成有兩個(gè)破折號引起的插入語成分。例如:
It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and jounals and to producing video materials on ASL and deaf culture—is having lunch at a café near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2004.6)
時(shí)間過了37年,F(xiàn)在Stoloe致力于撰寫和編輯關(guān)于美國手語和聾啞人文化的書籍和雜志,以及制作相關(guān)的錄像材料
5、并列句連用使得句子變長(主謂賓都可以并列)
并列句是四級閱讀理解中的主要句式。出題人會把幾個(gè)成分相同的并列句子,通過剔除多余成分從而使其合并為一個(gè)很長的句子
解決方法:破解這樣句子的關(guān)鍵是要弄清楚兩個(gè)句子的邏輯關(guān)系,補(bǔ)全成分后重新還原為幾個(gè)單獨(dú)的句子即可。例如:
To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding landmines. (2004.6)
翻譯:對政府來說,更糟糕的是,不久得知的消息是,王妃的安哥拉之行得到過外事辦的批準(zhǔn),并且她事實(shí)上非常了解安哥拉的形勢和英國政府關(guān)于地雷的政策。
相當(dāng)于拆分成三個(gè)句子:
(1) To make matters worse for the government
(2) It soon emerged that the Princess’s trip had been approved by the Foreign Office.
(3) It soon emerged that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government’s policy regarding landmines.
6、多重復(fù)合句疊加
所謂多重復(fù)合句疊加,就是說一個(gè)長句子當(dāng)中可能包含了好幾種句式(并列的定語從句、狀語從句、介詞短語等等)。
解決方法:分清主從句,理清句子邏輯關(guān)系至關(guān)重要。通常采用圖表法。例如:
。1)Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. (2006.1)
結(jié)構(gòu)圖:
①——☆①
○——○——
、凇睥
說明:
○——○=then there is the general, all covering apology
、=which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act
、= and which the person should promise never to do again
☆①= that was particularly hurtful or insulting
☆②= Who is apologizing
顯然,原句子是由有there be引導(dǎo)做主句,后面跟了兩個(gè)which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,兩者是并列的。比較特殊的是which定語從句中有各自有一個(gè)定語從句,像是一個(gè)連環(huán)套。
分解為以下幾個(gè)句子:
1.Then there is the general, all covering apology
2.Which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act
3.That was particularly hurtful or insulting
4.And which the person
5.Who is apologizing
6.Should promise never to do again
翻譯:
1.然后就有了一種一般意義的、無所不包的道歉
2.這種道歉避免了一種指明特別行為的必要性
3.特別是讓人傷心或者令人委屈的行為
4.這種道歉使得人們
5.道歉的人們
6.承諾以后不再犯類似的行為
句子整合翻譯:然后還有一種泛泛的無所不包的道歉,這種道歉避免了一種指明特別讓人傷心、特別令人委屈的、道歉者應(yīng)該保證以后不會再犯的具體行為。
英語四級真題長難句解析2
Not only do we evaluate the cause of the pain, which can help us treat the pain better, but we also help provide comprehensive therapy for depression and other psychological and social issues related to chronic pain. (2007年6月)
【分析】本句為并列復(fù)合句。句子主干為Not only do we evaluate the cause, but we also help provide therapy。Not only…but also…連接兩個(gè)并列句,否定詞組not only在句首,句子要部分倒裝。在第一個(gè)分句里,which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,修飾第一個(gè)分句,which在從句中作主語。在第二個(gè)分句里,related to作后置定語修飾issues。
【譯文】我們不僅要找出疼痛的病因,幫助我們更好地治療;還提供綜合療法,治療與慢性疼痛相關(guān)的抑郁癥和其他心理與社交問題。
Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I don’t talk about that anymore. (2007年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。句子主干為a sentence came out of my mouth。在句中用了全部倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)“介詞短語+謂語+主語”。that 引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾a sentence,其在定語從句中作主語。冒號后面的部分是對sentence的解釋說明,作同位語。
【譯文】后來幾年前的一天,我說了一句話并最終成為我對任何和全部挑釁的回答:關(guān)于那個(gè)問題我再也不討論了。
The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” (2007年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。句子的主干為The practice is…。that引導(dǎo)定語從句,先行詞為practice, that在從句中充當(dāng)主語。of trying to edit as you write修飾bad habits,其中as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。what引導(dǎo)的表語從句what Elbow calls “free writing”為is的表語。
【譯文】這種可以幫助你克服在寫作的.同時(shí)就試圖修改的壞習(xí)慣的做法便是Elbow所說的“自由式寫作”。
While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.(2007年6月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。主句主干為they cannot work,從句為While引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句While you need to employ both to get to a finished result。在主句中包含一個(gè)由no matter how引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。in parallel為介詞短語作狀語,修飾work。
【譯文】雖然你需要同時(shí)運(yùn)用這兩種思維來寫作,但無論你的愿望多么強(qiáng)烈,它們都不能同時(shí)產(chǎn)生作用。
Unlike physical energy, which is limited and diminishes with age, emotional energy is unlimited and has nothing to do with genes or upbringings. (2006年12月)
【分析】本句為復(fù)合句。主句為emotional energy…upbringings。unlike 是介詞,unlike physical energy 作主句的比較狀語。which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,解釋說明 physical energy。
【譯文】體力是有限的并隨著年齡增長而減退,與體力不同,情感力量是無限的,跟遺傳和后天培養(yǎng)沒關(guān)系。
英語四級真題長難句解析3
In 2003, when Cambridge Universityappointed Alison Richard, another former Yaleprovost, as its vice-chancellor, the universitypublicly stressed that in her previous job shehad overseen a major strengthening of Yale'sfinancial position.
英語四級原文譯文:
2003年,劍橋大學(xué)聘請了另一位耶魯大學(xué)前教務(wù)長艾利森·理查德?lián)胃毙iL、并公開強(qiáng)調(diào),在她之前的工作中,在她的監(jiān)管下,“耶魯大學(xué)的財(cái)政狀況得到了極大的鞏固”。
四級詞匯講解:
本句的主干是university stressed that。In 2003為句子的時(shí)間狀語,when CambridgeUniversity appointed...as its vice-chancellor為句子的時(shí)間狀語從句,其中another formerYale provost為賓語Alison Richard的同位語,as its vice-chancellor為賓語補(bǔ)足語;that引導(dǎo)的是stressed的賓語從句。
appoint sb. as sth.的意思是“任命某人做某工作或擔(dān)任某職位”。如:
They have appointed Thomas as the manager.他們已經(jīng)任命托馬斯為經(jīng)理。
stress意為“強(qiáng)調(diào)”。如:
The conference stressed the social problem.本次會議強(qiáng)調(diào)社會問題。
英語四級考點(diǎn)歸納:
過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的'用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí),在從句中很容易分清這種先后關(guān)系:
※ 賓語從句中,當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí),常見于told, said, knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞的賓語從句。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.她說她以前看過這部電影。
※ 在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.他做完家庭作業(yè)后,就上床睡覺了。
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