非謂語動(dòng)詞短語
英語單詞的產(chǎn)生是漢英兩種語言雙向交流的產(chǎn)物，一些帶有中國特色的名稱和概念進(jìn)入了英語詞匯，同時(shí)還有一些英語詞匯進(jìn)入了漢語，在文化環(huán)境中衍生出新的含義，形成了英語詞匯的語義文化特征。以下是小編整理的非謂語動(dòng)詞短語，僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。
非謂語動(dòng)詞短語
后接不定式to do/do
1.like to do sth
2.like sb to do sth
3.Lets (not ) do sth
4.want to do sth
5.want sb to do sth
6.love to do sth
7.ask sb (not ) to do sth
8.stop to do sth
9.tell sb (not ) to do sth
10.watch sb do sth
11.Its time (for sb) to do sth
12.help sb (to ) do sth
13.help do sth
14.make sb do sth
15.decide (not ) to do sth
16.find it +adj + to do sth
17.have to do sth
18.try (not ) to do sth
19.try ones best to do sth
20.Its +adj +(for)of +sb + to do sth
21.plan to do sth
22.S.p.+be a good place to do sth
23.It takes sb +some time + to do sth
24.send sb to do sth
25.invite sb to do sth
26.forget to do sth
27.live to be +時(shí)間
28.be able to do sth
29.have sth to do
30.seem to do sth
31.get sb /sth to do sth
32.疑問詞+ to do sth
33.need sth to do sth
34.use sth to do sth
35.follow sb to sth
36.need to do sth
37.a good time to do sth
38.the best time to do sth
39.the best way to do sth
40.be the first / last one to do sth
41.would like to do sth
42.be excited /surprised to do sth
43.be useful to do sth
44.be allowed to do sth
45.allow sb to do sth
46.Its better to do sth
47.Its best to do sth
48.take care (not) to do sth
49.see sb do sth
50.why not do sth ?
51.have enough time to do sth
52.too… to do sth
53.not… enough to do sth
54.encourage sb to do sth
55.choose to sth
56.wait to do sth
57.be happy/glad/pleased to do sth
58.make it +adj + to do sth
59.be careful to do sth
60.be afraid to do sth
61.Its our duty to do sth
62.used to do sth
63.cant afford to do sth
64.make a decision to do sth
65.have an opportunity to do sth
66.wait for sb to do sth
67.would do sth rather than do sth
68.would rather do sth than do sth
69.hurry to do sth
70.refuse to do sth
71.agree to do sth
72.pretend to do sth
73.pretend to be doing sth
74.prefer to do sth
75.prefer not to do sth
76.prefer to do sth raher than do sth
77.be willing to do sth
78.volunteer +時(shí)間/ 錢 + to do sth
79.volunteer to do sth
80.offer to do sth
81.rush to do sth
82.in order (not ) to do sth
83.be certain to do sth
84.be sure to do sth
85.make plans to do sth
86.go out of their way to do sth
87.lead sb to do sth
88.Its ones job to do sth
89.Its ones turn to do sth
90.urge sb to do sth
91.Could /Would you please (not) do sth ?
92.be supposed to do sth
93.warn sb to do sth
后接動(dòng)名詞doing
1.like doing sth
2.enjoy doing sth
3.have fun doing sth
4.be interested in doing sth
5.Thanks for doing sth
6.look at sb doing sth
7.stop sb doing sth
8.stop sb from doing sth
9.go + v-ing
10.do the (some )+v-ing
11.What/How doing sth ?
12.practice doing sth
13.watch sb doing sth
14.find sb doing sth
15.mind (ones ) doing sth
16.cant stand doing sth
17.think about doing sth
18.spend … (in)doing sth
19.finish doing sth
20.be busy doing sth
21.keep doing sth
22.keep sb from doing sth
23.keep sb doing sth
24.be good at doing sth
25.hate doing sth
26.There be +名詞+doing sth
27.make a living by doing sth
28.have a difficult time doing sth
29.feel like doing sth
30.allow doing sth
31.see sb doing sth
32.by doing sth
33.end up doing sth
34.do a survey about doing sth
35.be afraid of doing sth
36.be used to doing sth
37.be terrified of doing sth
38.give up doing sth
39.instead of doing sth
40.have nothing against doing sth
41.be serious about doing sth
42.have a chance of doing sth
43.before/ when /while +doing sth
44.start doing sth
45.have a lot of experience doing sth
46.prefer doing sth
47.consider doing sth
48.dream of / about doing sth
49.continue doing sth
50.put off doing sth
51.be used for doing sth =be used to do sth
52.prefer doing sth to doing sth
53.without doing sth
54.be comfortable doing sth
55.cant stop/help doing sth
56.look forward to doing sth
57.be against doing sth
58.have trouble/problems/difficulty (in) doing sth
59.suggest doing sth
60.be busy doing sth
61.be worth doing sth
非謂語動(dòng)詞短語
I.概述
1.基本形式的變化：
不定式：
時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被動(dòng)態(tài)
一般式to doto be done
進(jìn)行式to be doing
完成式to have builtto have been built
John said that he had run in order to catch the bus. (一般式的主動(dòng)態(tài))
He hated to be misunderstood by others. (一般式的被動(dòng)態(tài))
He pretended to be listening attentively. (進(jìn)行式)
He intended to have told you that. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))
This work of art seemed to have been created several centuries ago. (完成式的被動(dòng)態(tài))
v-ing形式
時(shí)態(tài)主動(dòng)態(tài)被 動(dòng) 態(tài)
一般式doingbeing done
完成式having donehaving been done
注意：不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)式
動(dòng)名詞
I am sure of his coming in time. (一般式主動(dòng)態(tài)) (= I am sure that he will come in time)
He is proud of being selected as monitor. (一般式被動(dòng)態(tài)) (= He is proud that he is selected as monitor.)
I’m confident of his having passed the exam. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))
(= I am confident that he have passed the exam.)
He complained of having been cheated by others. (完成式被動(dòng)態(tài))
現(xiàn)在分詞
He sat in a chair,reading a novel. (一般式主動(dòng)態(tài))
Being exhausted by work, he fell asleep quickly. (一般式被動(dòng)態(tài))
Having finished his homework, he went playing. (完成式主動(dòng)態(tài))
All this having been settled, he went home. (完成式被動(dòng)態(tài))
2.所做成分
項(xiàng)目/成分主語表語賓語賓補(bǔ)定語狀語
動(dòng)詞的ing形式現(xiàn)在分詞 △ △△△
動(dòng)名詞△△△ △
不定式 △△△△△△
過去分詞 △ △△△
注：現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式、過去分詞都可以作獨(dú)立成分。
II.基本知識
1.動(dòng)詞不定式在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
①作主語。
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times.
To make money is not the only purpose of our life.賺錢不是我們生活的唯一目的
在很多情況下，常用it 來充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞不定式的形式主語。
It is important for us to learn English very well.對我們來說學(xué)好英語是非常重要的。
�、谧鲃�(dòng)詞的賓語，常用在以下動(dòng)詞后：
help，hope，ask，refuse，decide，promise，wish，pretend，expect，arrange，learn，plan，demand，dare，manage，agree，prepare，fail，determine，offer，choose，desire，elect，long，(happen，seem)
He managed to pass the exam.他成功地通過了考試。
He promised to be here at nine.他答應(yīng)9點(diǎn)鐘到這兒。
I didn’t expect to see you here.我沒有料到在這兒見到你。
在某些復(fù)合賓語中，用it做形式賓語，而把不定式放到后面去。
He considered it better to leave now.他認(rèn)為最好現(xiàn)在就離開。
I found it impossible to finish the work on time.我發(fā)現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)工作是不可能的。
�、圩鞫ㄕZ(常置于名詞之后)。
由only, last, next 序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式做定語; 不定式還可用作名詞
代詞的的賓語 (ability, anything, attempt, chance, curiosity, desire, decision, determination, effort, failure,
intention, need, nothing, opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something)
She is always the first student to arrive at school.
He is always the last one to leave the office.他總是最后一個(gè)離開辦公室。
I don’t think he is the best man to do the job.我想他不是做這項(xiàng)工作的最佳人選。
I have no desire to travel.
You’ll find something to interest you here.
注：動(dòng)詞不定式to后所接動(dòng)詞若是不及物動(dòng)詞，而不定式與其修飾的動(dòng)詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這個(gè)不定式后就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。
I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.
I found no one to play with.
④作狀語
I walked slowly on the ice in order not to fall down.(不至于跌倒) (表目的)
They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. (表結(jié)果)
He tried only to fail. (結(jié)果沒有成功)
She was happy to hear the news. (表原因)
不定式常用于修飾下列形容詞：
able,afraid,angry, anxious, apt, careful, careless, certain, clever, considerate, delighted, difficult,eager, easy, fit,frightened , happy, interesting, likely, lucky, quick, ready, reluctant , right, sorry, surprised, sure, thoughtful,thoughtless, unable, unwilling, wrong etc.
French is difficult to learn. 法語難學(xué)。
I’m sorry to interrupt you, but I have to.
�、葑鳘�(dú)立副詞成分。
To speak frankly, I don’t like your attitude.
�、夼c疑問詞連用。疑問代詞who, what, which和疑問副詞when, where, how等后加動(dòng)詞不定式，構(gòu)成不定式短語，可在句子中作主語、賓語、表語等成分。
When to start has not been decided.什么時(shí)候出發(fā)還沒有定。
The problem is how to get there on time.問題是怎樣才能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)哪兒。
注意：
�、僭谟行﹦�(dòng)詞后常用疑問詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)。這類動(dòng)詞有：know, ask, tell, show, wonder,consider,understand, learn, instruct, guess, see, explain, discover, imagine, think, hear 等。
He didn’t know what to do next.
I haven’t decided whether to go to Japan.我沒有決定是否到日本去。
�、诓欢ㄊ降膹�(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
由for + 名詞或代詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、狀語等。
It is necessary for you to finish the work before Friday.你們有必要在星期五前做完這項(xiàng)工
His idea is for us to travel in different cars.他的主意是讓我們乘不同的車去旅游。
由of 引出的不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，經(jīng)常與以下形容詞連用：brave, careless,,clever,courageous,foolish,good, honest,kind,nice,rash, right,rude, stupid,silly,thoughtful,thoughtless,wrong, wise等。
It’s kind of you to say so.
It’s brave of you to go into the burning building to save the baby!
你真勇敢，沖進(jìn)著火的大樓里救這個(gè)嬰兒
③不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
▲在有些使役動(dòng)詞及感官動(dòng)詞后可用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，如let,make,have, hear,see,feel,smell,hear,watch等。
The teacher often makes me rewrite the composition.老師常常讓我把作文重寫。
將該句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語態(tài)：I am often made by the teacher to rewrite the composition.
I heard her say that she was fed up.
▲在下列結(jié)構(gòu)后常用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式：had better, would rather, can not but, cannot help but,do nothing but等。
I’d better go now, or I’ll miss the train.
They can not but accept his advice.我只好接受他的建議。
▲在except, but 之前有動(dòng)詞do作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，則except, but 后一般接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，反之則接帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。
We have no choice but to wait.我們除了等待別無選擇(我們只好等待)。
There is no choice but to go there.
There is nothing to do but to (to 可省略) read a book.
▲在why, why not結(jié)構(gòu)中，緊接其后的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to
Why argue with him?
Why not send those books back?為什么不把那些書送回去?
2.動(dòng)名詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
�、僮髦髡Z
Asking for help is sometimes necessary. 請求幫助有時(shí)是必要的。
Eating too much is not good for your health.吃得太多對你的健康不利。
Teaching offers something besides money and power.
�、谧餮a(bǔ)語、表語
Seeing is believing.
We call such an act cheating.我們稱這樣的行為為作弊/欺騙行為。
�、圩饕韵录拔飫�(dòng)詞及詞組的的賓語
建議冒險(xiǎn)去獻(xiàn)身：advise, suggest, risk, devote oneself to
忍受期待不停頓：bear/stand(忍受), look forward to, stop
放棄延期悔失去：give up, delay, put off, regret, miss
堅(jiān)持欣賞(想)要(實(shí))踐(完)成：keep (on)/insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice, finish
注意原諒避反對：pay attention to, excuse, escape, avoid, object to
考慮要求不自禁：consider, require, cannot help
允許習(xí)慣不介意：forbid; permit, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind
值得開始想動(dòng)名：be worth, set about, imagine
The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.冒險(xiǎn)游過河
His wife doesn#39;t allow smoking inside the room but allows him to smoke outside the room
他的妻子不允許在室內(nèi)抽煙，但是允許他在室外抽。
All of them insisted on my staying with them a few days longer.
他們所有的人都堅(jiān)持要我再跟他們多呆幾天時(shí)間。
I#39;m looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Being ill for a few days,she doesn#39;t feel like eating anything.不想吃任何東西
另在want, need, require等動(dòng)詞后，常用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)的意思(主語與動(dòng)名詞之間存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。
My hair needs cutting. (= My hair needs to be cut.)
�、葑鞫ㄕZ
它與被修飾詞之間沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，通常只表示用途或與所修飾的名詞有關(guān)的動(dòng)作。
The factory built a swimming pool last year.游泳池
Our teacher uses a very good teaching method.教學(xué)方法
�、拮魍徽Z
His hobby, making model airplanes, is very interesting.
注意：
�、賱�(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或名詞所有格 + 動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成。如果不是在句子開頭，這種結(jié)構(gòu)常可以由名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓格 +動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成，在句中可作主語、賓語等。例如：
Do you mind my closing the door? Do you mind me closing the door?
My closing the door made him angry.
I can’t stand Lao Chang’s talking like that about other comrades.
�、趧�(dòng)名詞的某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)
▲It is + no use, no good(fun,a great pleasure, a waste of time,a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭沒有用。
It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。
It is a waste of time trying to explain.設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。
▲It is + useless+doing sth.
It is useless speaking.光說沒用。
▲There is no + v-ing “…是不可能的”。
There is no knowing how old she is.(= I t is impossible to know how old she is.)
There is no telling where she’s gone.(= It is impossible / difficult to know where she’s gone.)
▲make a point of + doing “認(rèn)為…是必要的”
Our family make a point of going to church every Sunday.(= Our family make it a rule to go to church every Sunday.)
▲be on the point of + doing “瀕臨，將要…”
He was on the point of leaving.
▲on (upon) + doing “一…就…”
On hearing the news, I changed my plans.(= As soon as I heard the news, I changed my plans.)
▲go + doing (大部分指運(yùn)動(dòng)和游戲)
He went shopping / hiking / swimming / fishing etc.
▲動(dòng)名詞短語常用在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中
have difficulty (in) + doing sth
have trouble (in) + doing sth
have fun (in) + doing sth/
have a good time (in) + doing sth/have a hard time (in) + doing sth
▲feel like + 名詞“想要”=would like to +原形動(dòng)詞
Do you feel like going to a movie?你想看電影嗎?
I don#39;t feel like reading tonight.今晚我不想讀書。
3.分詞在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?/p>
�、僮鞫ㄕZ。作定語的分詞如果是單個(gè)分詞，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語則放在所修飾的名詞后面。在用作定語時(shí)，分詞在意思上接近一個(gè)定語從句。
The boring snow made the bored boys go home. (= The snow was boring, so the boys wee bored and went home.)
China is a developing socialist country.發(fā)展中的社會(huì)主義國家
The man writing the obituary (訃告) is my friend.
(= The man who is writing the obituary is my friend.)
The broken glass scattered on the ground.破杯
注：現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞都可作定語，但現(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)的是正在進(jìn)行的事情，有主動(dòng)意義;而過去分詞表示的是已完成的事情，有被動(dòng)意義。
②作表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語。能帶分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
The story is boring.
I found him reading a novel. 在讀小說(現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
I found him surrounded by a group of children.一群孩子包圍著 (過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語)
③作狀語。分詞作狀語可以表示時(shí)間,原因, 條件,結(jié)果,伴隨情況。
Having read all the required papers, he answered the questions fluently.(時(shí)間)
Being short of money, I decided to apply for the work.(原因)
Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.(原因)
If going there by plane, we’ll have to pay twice as much.(條件)
Unless asked to answer questions, the pupils were not supposed to talk in Mrs Smith’s class.(條件)
The farmer used a new insecticide, thus raising the average yield by 15%.(結(jié)果)
He sat in a rocking chair, watching TV.(伴隨)
注意：分詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
�、侏�(dú)立主格
有時(shí)分詞的邏輯主語與主句主語不一致，這時(shí)分詞須帶上自身的主語，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中多作伴隨狀語。亦可用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件等。
That being the case, we’d better make some changes in the plan.
Weather permitting, we will go out. == if weather permits
The teacher having finished the lesson, the students left the classroom.
�、凇皐ith或without + 名詞或代詞 + 分詞”的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
常用作補(bǔ)充說明或表示伴隨情況。例如：He fell asleep with the lamp burning.
�、勰承┕潭ńY(jié)構(gòu)
generally / frankly speaking …,judging from / by …中，分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致，這種結(jié)構(gòu)只限于為數(shù)很少的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞。
Judging by his dress, he comes from a wealthy family.從他的衣著判斷
Frankly speaking, I don#39;t like him at all.坦率地說
�、躢atch+賓語+doing
I caught them stealing my apples.我抓住他們偷我的蘋果。
If she catches me reading her diary，she#39;ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日記，她會(huì)憤怒的
注：有些現(xiàn)在分詞可以作介詞用：如concerning, considering, regarding, respecting等。
Considering his age, he is tall.考慮了他的年齡
I have nothing to say concerning his speech.關(guān)于他的演講
非謂語動(dòng)詞短語
一、不定式的用法小結(jié)：
1、在句中所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞郑褐髡Z、表語、賓語(動(dòng)詞后的賓語和介詞后的賓語)、定語、補(bǔ)語(尤其是不帶to的動(dòng)詞原形)、狀語
2、不定式在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)各成分時(shí)的難點(diǎn)及重點(diǎn)
�、旁诰渲凶髦髡Z：
�、僭贗t is adj. for sb. to do sth.和It is adj. of sb. to do sth.句型中。
在前一句型中形容詞是表示事物特征的客觀性形容詞。如：difficult, hard, easy, necessary, rare, possible, important, dangerous等。在后一句型中，形容詞是表示人的品質(zhì)特征的主觀性形容詞。如：kind, careful, nice, polite, honest, clever, foolish, wise, lazy等。�？梢园堰@類句型進(jìn)行改變，因?yàn)檫壿嬛髡Z既是不定式的主語，又與句子的形容詞存在著主表關(guān)系。
e.g. It is kind of you to come to see me = you are kind to come to see me.
②有三個(gè)形容詞good, wrong, right的邏輯主語既可以用of又可以用for,但表達(dá)的意義不同。
e.g. It is good for you to talk a walk after super. (good為“對……有好處，益處”)
It is good of you to be always ready to help others. ( good為“善心，好意)
�、圃诰渲凶髻e語：
�、僦唤硬欢ㄊ降膭�(dòng)詞：agree, fail, arrange, decide, hope, expect, refuse, manage, promise, pretend, wish, afford, attempt, plan等。
�、诓欢ㄊ娇捎迷诮樵~but, except, besides, than之后做賓語。在but, except, besides前有行為動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式;無行為動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，帶to的不定式，但在than之后的不定式常無to。
e.g. I have no choice but/except to accept the fact.
Little Tom had nothing to do except wander about in the street.
What do you like to do besides swim.
They thought that there was no way out than climb the cliff.
他們認(rèn)為除爬懸崖之外無路可出。
�、鄄欢ㄊ皆谙铝袆�(dòng)詞后常作真正賓語：
make/find/feel/consider/think/believe +it +adj./n.+ to do sth.
�、窃诰渲凶鞫ㄕZ：
①名詞受the last, the very, the only,序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時(shí)，一定用不定式做后置定語。 e.g. He is always the first person to come.
�、谠诿~之后做定語表動(dòng)作時(shí)，用不定式。這些名詞有：effort, failure, promise, desire, attempt 。
e.g. Please make an effort to arrive early.
They had little desire to get rich.
His failure to enter the college made him quite disappointed.
③不定式作定語用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)的情況：
�、�.不定式的邏輯主語是主句的主語和賓語，名詞與不定式之間又存在動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，常用不定式的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
e.g. I have a lot of work to do./ I’ll give you something to read.
�、�.在某些形容詞之后的狀語，又與主語是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，用不定式的主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。這些形容詞有：heavy, light, hard/difficult, easy, fit, convenient, comfortable, good, dangerous, safe.
e.g. The question is easy to answer.
The room is comfortable to live in.
�、�.在there be句型中，不定式的主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)都可以，意義基本一致。
There is a lot of work to do/ to be done.
但：There is nothing to do. (譯為：沒事可做)
There is nothing to be done. (譯為：沒有辦法)
�、炔欢ㄊ皆诰渲凶髻e補(bǔ)的情況：
�、俑欢ㄊ阶髻e補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞：get, ask, tell, allow, permit, want, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, forbid, wish, drive等。
�、诓粠o的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞：五看兩聽一感覺，外加三個(gè)使役詞。如：see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel, let, make, have。而help是可有可無to的動(dòng)詞。
二、動(dòng)名詞：
1、在句中的作用：主語、表語、賓語、定語
2、動(dòng)名詞在句中擔(dān)當(dāng)各成分時(shí)的難點(diǎn)及重點(diǎn)：
�、庞脛�(dòng)名詞作主語的句型：
It’s no good/ no use doing sth..
There is no doing…. (……是不行的，做……是不可能的)
It’s worthwhile doing sth. (做……是值得的)
e.g. There is no joking about their belief.拿他們的信仰來開玩笑是不行的。
It’s worthwhile taking the trouble to explain a job fully to new employees.
給新雇員詳細(xì)解釋一下工作要求，費(fèi)點(diǎn)事也是值得的。
�、苿�(dòng)名詞在句中作賓語：
①作介詞的賓語
�、谥唤觿�(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞：enjoy, finish, mind, miss, suggest, advise, appreciate, avoid, imagine, admit, consider, delay, practise, forbid, deny, allow, permit, require, risk, excuse, prevent, complete, resist(抵抗)
�、壑唤觿�(dòng)名詞的短語動(dòng)詞：give up, feel like, be worth, be/become/get used to, lead to, look forward to, object to, stick to, be fond of, pay attention to, be engaged in, put off, keep on, prevent/ keep/ stop…from, set about, can’t stand, get through(完成)等。
④在可省略的介詞in之后做賓語：
have difficulty/ trouble/ problem/ fun/ pleasure (in) doing sth.
have a good time/ a hard time (in) doing sth.
spend/waste time/ money (in) doing sth.
be busy (in) doing sth.
There is no use/ no harm/ no hurry/ no point (in) doing sth.
There is no harm in staying up a little later.
�、莿�(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中的使用：
有時(shí)為了說明動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作是由誰來執(zhí)行的，通常用名詞的所有格或形容詞性的物主代詞來做動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。在口語中，動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語也可以用賓格或普通格來做。如：
Their coming to help us was a great encouragement.
The mother’s worry is her son’s going to bed too late.
Do you mind me opening the door?
但在以下幾種情況通常用普通格來做邏輯主語：
�、龠壿嬛髡Z是無生命的名詞時(shí)，如：Is there any hope of your team winning the game?
�、谶壿嬛髡Z是不定代詞，指示代詞時(shí)，如：
Last night he was waked by someone knocking at the door.
�、圻壿嬛髡Z是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單位時(shí)：
I still remember you and your father coming to see me many years ago.
三、分詞：
1、分詞在句中的作用：表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語。
2、分詞在句中作表語
現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作表語，表示主語的性質(zhì)與特征，它相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞的作用。過去分詞在句中作表語，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或已完成動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。
e.g. The film is interesting / moving.
He is well educated.
75% of the surface of the earth is covered with water.
使役動(dòng)詞所轉(zhuǎn)變而成的形容詞也常被認(rèn)為是分詞作表語�，F(xiàn)在分詞形式表某人或某物給別人的感覺;過去分詞形式表說話者的主觀感受。這些使役動(dòng)詞常有：interest, surprise, frighten, excite, astonish, bore, tire, annoy, encourage, discourage, satisfy, disappoint, inspire, move, please, confuse, amuse, shock, worry, puzzle等。
3、分詞在句中作定語：
�、艅�(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作前置定語，都表示動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行及主動(dòng)，現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主動(dòng)的定語從句。如：
a sleeping boy / the changing world / the rising sun
The teacher talking with the students will give us a report.
Most of the assistants working in this shop are young people.
注意：有時(shí)單個(gè)的現(xiàn)在分詞也作后置定語，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
a cleaning woman (一位女清潔工)
a woman cleaning (一位正在打掃的婦女)
a dancing girl一位舞女(永久性)
a girl dancing一位正在跳舞的女孩(暫時(shí)性)
�、撇患拔飫�(dòng)詞的過去分詞作前置定語，表示動(dòng)作的完成;及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞作前置定語，既表動(dòng)作完成，又表被動(dòng)。如：
vi. a returned soldier/ retired teachers/ the risen sun/ a sunken ship
vt. the murdered man/ a finished article/ the stolen bike.
但只有及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞能在句中作后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)的定語從句。
He is the man loved by all.
Your letter dated March 10 has been received.
注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和完成被動(dòng)式不在句中作定語。
4、分詞在句中作賓補(bǔ)：
�、努F(xiàn)在分詞通常在句中做以下動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，表主動(dòng)及動(dòng)作的正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)。如：see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel, find, want, catch, smell及這些有“使……”的詞，send, leave, set, get, keep, have等。
e.g. I could smell trouble / danger coming./ His words set me thinking.
He left me lying there alone. / The earthquake sent the glass flying everywhere.
I don’t want people coming in and out all day. ( want一般用于否定句中)
⑵過去分詞通常在句中做以下動(dòng)詞的賓補(bǔ)，表被動(dòng)。如：see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, look at, notice, feel, find, make, have, want, leave, get, wish等。
e.g. I want that letter typed by tomorrow.
I must get the work finished before Sunday.
Who left the door unlocked?
注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式和完成被動(dòng)式及being done結(jié)構(gòu)不在句中作賓補(bǔ)。
5、分詞在句中作狀語：
�、欧衷~在句中作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須與主句主語保持一致。如果不一致時(shí)，就必須分詞加上自己的邏輯主語，構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
The weather being fine, we decided to go for an outing.
`Winter coming, the mountain is covered by snow.
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
The telephone number given, we called him at once.
Everything considered, the plan is practical.
⑵現(xiàn)在分詞在句中作狀語，表主動(dòng);過去分詞表被動(dòng)。being done結(jié)構(gòu)通常不在句中作狀語。
�、乾F(xiàn)在分詞的完成式在句中作狀語時(shí)，既表主動(dòng)，又表先于主句謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已完成動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式作狀語，既表被動(dòng)，又表先于主句謂語動(dòng)作發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
�、确穸ㄔ~not要加于分詞之前。
e.g.. Having a written examination, I am forced to study hard.
The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.
Seen from a spaceship, the earth looks just like a big blue water ball.
Not having seen her for years, we could hardly recognize her.
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.
⑸分詞的獨(dú)立形式，即分詞作狀語，沒有邏輯主語，而是修飾整個(gè)句子。如：generally/ frankly/strictly/ honestly speaking, judging from/by, compared to/with.
e.g. Generally speaking, he is fit for the position.
Judging from his accent, he is from the south.
Compared with other companies, our staff turnover(人員流動(dòng)率) is low.
四、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞用法的比較：
1、不定式與動(dòng)名詞作主語的區(qū)別：
�、挪欢ㄊ阶髦髡Z常表示一次性具體行為，動(dòng)名詞通常表示習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。
⑵主語用不定式，表語用不定式;主語用動(dòng)名詞，表語用動(dòng)名詞。
e.g. To do this work is very difficult./ Teaching English is my job.
To see is to believe. / Seeing is believing.(這兩個(gè)句子的主表位置不能交換)
2、不定式與動(dòng)名詞作賓語的區(qū)別：
⑴ like/ love/ continue/ begin/ start后接to do和doing的區(qū)別不大，但在以下幾種情況時(shí)多用不定式(to do ).
�、� would like / would love + to do sth.
�、� start/ begin的主語為it或物質(zhì)名詞時(shí)，用不定式。
e.g. It began to rain./ The ice began to melt.
�、� start/ begin本身為進(jìn)行時(shí),用不定式。
e.g.. I’m beginning to talk about it.
�、墚�(dāng)start/ begin后接某些表感覺或心理活動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用不定式。如：understand, see, realize, feel, find, know，believe等。
e.g. I began to understand the meaning which begins to be clear.
�、朴幸恍﹦�(dòng)詞接to do與doing有明顯的區(qū)別。
to do要去做的事
forget/ remember忘記/記住
doing已做了的事
to do遺憾未做的事to do設(shè)法去做，努力地去做
regret try
doing后悔做了的事doing試著做
to do打算去做to do學(xué)會(huì)做(已會(huì)做)
mean learn
doing工意味著doing學(xué)習(xí)做(不一定會(huì))
to do繼續(xù)做另一件事to do不能幫助去做
go on can’t help
doing繼續(xù)做同一件事doing禁不住，忍不住做
to do sth.害怕而不敢做
be afraid
of doing sth.擔(dān)心……，害怕做……
to do停下來做另一事to do離開去做另一件事
stop leave off
doing停止正在做的事doing停止正在做的事
to do
need/want/ deserve需要/值得去做
require/ be worth +doing (主動(dòng)表被動(dòng))
3、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別：
�、挪欢ㄊ脚c動(dòng)名詞在句中作表語的異同。
不定式與動(dòng)名詞作表語都是為了說明主語的內(nèi)容。它們作表語時(shí)，都能與主語換位，其邏輯意義不變。但不定式側(cè)重表示具體的動(dòng)作或表未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，動(dòng)名詞則表習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作�；卮饂hat的提問。
e.g. Our plan is to train the students’ speaking ability.
His wish is to become a famous teacher.
Its full-time job is laying eggs.
⑵現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表主語的性質(zhì)、特征。回答how的問題;過去分詞表狀態(tài)或已完成動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。
e.g. The problem is puzzling./ The joke is amusing.
The sun is set in the west./ Her necklace was gone.
4、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作定語的區(qū)別：
⑴動(dòng)詞不定式常常放在名詞或不定代詞后面作后置定語，其邏輯主語往往是句子的主語，故動(dòng)詞不定式作定語時(shí)往往用主動(dòng)式;如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，該動(dòng)詞不定式要用被動(dòng)式。動(dòng)詞不定式作定語往往表示尚未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如果動(dòng)作已發(fā)生或正在發(fā)生，一般用現(xiàn)在分詞作后置定語。如果是動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成且又與名詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)，就用過去分詞作后置定語。動(dòng)名詞不作后置定語。例如：
e.g. Do you have anything to do tonight?你今晚有什么事要做嗎?
I am going to Shanghai tomorrow. Do you have anything to be taken there?明天我要去上海。你有什么東西要捎去的嗎?
I have no pen to write with.我沒有鋼筆寫字。
Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting.
Have you read any short stories written by Luxun?
The professor being talked will come here tomorrow.
�、苿�(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語的區(qū)別：
動(dòng)名詞作定語表示它所修飾名詞的目的、用途、性能或作用，二者無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，但可以變成for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語;而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示它所修飾名詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，二者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：
a sleeping boy = a boy who is sleeping
a sleeping car = a car for sleeping
a dancing girl = a girl who is dancing
a dancing hall = a hall for dancing
�、羌饶苡貌欢ㄊ接帜苡胦f +動(dòng)名詞來修飾的名詞：
of + doing
way/pleasure/chance/power
to do
e.g I have no chance of speaking to him/ to speak to him.
5、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、和不定式作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別。
現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)：賓語和補(bǔ)語之間是主謂關(guān)系。其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或持續(xù)也可使動(dòng)作具有描寫色彩。過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)：賓語和補(bǔ)語之間是被動(dòng)的關(guān)系。不定式作賓補(bǔ)：表一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作的全過程或一次性動(dòng)作也可表事實(shí)。
e.g: I saw him open the window. /I saw him opening the window. / I saw the window opened.
I heard the song sung in English. / I heard her sing the song in English.
We saw the sun rise./ We saw the sun rising behind the trees.
6、不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別：
�、抛髟驙钫Z的區(qū)別：
不定式作原因狀語，常放在某些表示人的感情的動(dòng)詞或形容詞之后，不能置于句首，也不能換成原因狀語從句。不定式所表示的動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。現(xiàn)在分詞作原因相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句，常置于句首，常用表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，偶爾也表動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。如：
e.g. We laughed to see the new book.
We are proud to be young people of New China.
She look happy to hear the good news.
Being ill, he was unable to go to school.
Not knowing her address, we couldn′t find her.
Having seen the film before, I didn′t go to see it last week.
�、谱鹘Y(jié)果狀語的區(qū)別：
不定式作結(jié)果狀語，表意想不到的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語，表自然而然的結(jié)果。
e.g. He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.
He arrived at the station to be told the train had gone.
Tom fell from a tree, breaking his arm.
They open the fire , killing one of our villages.
�、遣欢ㄊ皆诰渲凶鳡钫Z，通常表目的、結(jié)果或原因;分詞作狀語可表時(shí)間、條件、伴隨、讓步、方式、結(jié)果、原因等。
五、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：
這三種在形式上完全相同，都是be+ving的結(jié)構(gòu)，但在意義上是完全不同的。動(dòng)名詞作表語都是為了說明主語的內(nèi)容，能與主語換位，其邏輯意義不變�，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語表主語的性質(zhì)、特征。而進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，則是強(qiáng)調(diào)主語的動(dòng)作，且不能與主語換位。如：
e.g. His purpose is serving the people.= Serving the people is his purpose.
He is serving the people.
“The Internationale”(國際歌) is inspiring.
“The Internationale” is inspiring the workers of the whole world.
六、過去分詞與被動(dòng)語態(tài)的區(qū)別：
過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的狀態(tài)或完成某動(dòng)作的狀態(tài)。而被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語所承受的動(dòng)作。
e.g.. The window was broken by his brother. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The window was broken. (系表關(guān)系)
He is well educated. (系表關(guān)系)
He has been educated in this college for three years. (被動(dòng)語態(tài))
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