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臨床醫(yī)學(xué)英語試題及答案
臨床醫(yī)學(xué)是研究疾病的病因、診斷、治療和預(yù)后，提高臨床治療水平，促進(jìn)人體健康的科學(xué)。以下是由陽(yáng)光網(wǎng)小編整理關(guān)于臨床醫(yī)學(xué)英語試題的內(nèi)容，希望大家喜歡!
臨床醫(yī)學(xué)英語試題及答案(一)
一、將下列單詞或詞組譯成漢語：(每題1分，記10分)
1.cardiac arrhythmia 2.microalbuminuria 3.epidemic influenza
4.immunosuppression 5.hyperglycemia 6.lung compliance
7.endoscopic ultrasonography 8.acute cholecysstitis
9.nosocomial infection 10.spectrum of diseases
二、將下列單詞或詞組譯成英語(每題1分，記10分)
1.體溫計(jì) 2.呼吸頻率 3.生長(zhǎng)因子 4.炎性腸病 5.早產(chǎn)
6.術(shù)前分期 7.膽囊結(jié)石 8.慢性支氣管炎 9.血管造影術(shù) 10.關(guān)節(jié)炎
三、英譯中(每題16分，計(jì)80分，任選5題，如多選，計(jì)前5題分，答題時(shí)請(qǐng)寫明題號(hào))
1.The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many phases of clinical reasoning and decision making. The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns, followed by inquiries or evaluation to address these concerns in increasingly precise ways. The process commonly requires a careful history or physical examination, ordering of diagnostic tests, integration of clinical findings with the test results, understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action, and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans. Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized, while respecting individual variations among different patients
2.cognitive impairment increases in prominence as people age. Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for a wide range of adverse outcomes, including falls, immobilization, dependency, institutionalization, and mortality. Cognitive impairment complicates diagnosis and requires additional care giving to ensure safety.
In some patients, cognitive impairment may mask the symptoms of important conditions. Treatment for one disease may affect another adversely, as in the use of aspirin to prevent stroke in individuals with a history of peptic ulcer disease. The risk for becoming disabled or dependent also increases with the number of diseases present. Specific pairs of diseases can increase synergistically the risk of disability.
3.Occult bleeding is defined as the detection of asymptomatic blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract, generally by routine fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) or the presence of iron deficiency anemia. obscure gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as bleeding of unknown origin that persists or recurs after a negative initial endoscopic evaluation of both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts. Both of these entities may be presentations of recurrent or chronic bleeding.
4.“Shortness of breath”, “a feeling of not being able to get enough air”, and “labored breathing” are all terms used by patients to describe the symptom of dyspnea.
An increased drive to ventilate may also cause dyspnea. Such stimuli include hypoxia, usually when arterial oxygen tensions are less than 60 mmHg, and stimuli from inflamed lung parenchyma, as occur in bacterial pneumonia or alveolitis and that drive the respiratory centers of the brain. These stimuli often lower the resting carbon dioxide pressure (Pco2) to less than the normal level of 40 mmHg and cause dyspnea, especially on mild exertion.
5.After several years, most diabetic patients exhibit diffuse glomerulosclerosis,although a minority have pathognomonic Kimmelsteil-wilson nodular lesions. Although pathologic changes continue to mount throughout the disease, glomerulosclerosis extensive enough to cause ESRD develops in a minority of patients; in these cases, overt albuminuria (>300 mg/day) begins approximatedly 15 years after diagnosis. Soon after, following a variable period on the order of 3 to 5 years, the GFR begins a relentless decline (≥10 ml/min/year), which is eventually reflected by an increase in serum creatinine. The appearance of massive proteinuria and the nephrotic syndrome is common in this context and often heralds progression to ESRD. Once the serum creatinine rises (reflecting an approximately 50% decline in GFR), ESRD develops in most patients within 10 years. This course is highly variable, houever, particularly in type 2 diabetics, who may exhibit moderate proteinuria for several years without a substantial deterioration of renal function.
6.The first signs or symptoms of cancer are frequently due to metastases to visceral or nodal sites. In most such patients, routine clinical evaluation with a comprehensive history, physical examination, complete blood cell count, screening chemistries, and directed radiologic evaluation of specific symptoms or signs identifies the primary tumor. Patients who have no primary tumor located after this routine clinical evaluation are defined as having cancer of unknown primary site. Further clinical and pathologic evaluation will identify the primary site in only a small minority of patients, and about 80% will never have a primary site identified during their subsequent clinical course.
7.In the management of the pregnant trauma patient, the critical point is that resuscitation of the fetus is accomplished by resuscitation of the mother. Therefore, the initial evaluation and treatment of the pregnant injured patient is identical to that of the nonpregnant injured patient. Rapid assessment of the maternal airway, breathing, and circulation and ensuring an adequate airway avoids maternal and fetal hypoxia. In the later stages of pregnancy, as already described, uterine compression of the vena cava may result in hypotension from diminished venous return, so the pregnant trauma patient should be placed in left lateral decubitus position. If spinal cord injury is suspected, the patient may be secured to a backboard and then tilted to the left. The increased blood volume associated with pregnancy has important implications in the trauma patient. Signs of blood loss such as tachycardia and hypotension may be delayed until the patient loses nearly 30% of her blood volume.
8.Postoperative surgical complications represent one of the most frustrating and difficult occurrences experienced by surgeons who do a significant volume of surgery. Regardless of how technically gifted, bright, and capable a surgeon is, surgical complications are a virtually guaranteed aspect of life. The cost of surgical complications in the United States today runs into millions of dollars and is associated with lost work productivity, disruption of normal family life, and unanticipated stress to employers and society in general. Frequently, the functional results of the operation are compromised by complication; in some cases, the patient never recovers to the preoperative level of function. The most significant and difficult part of complications is the suffering borne by the patient who enters the hospital anticipating an uneventful operation but is left suffering and compromised by the complication.
臨床醫(yī)學(xué)英語試題及答案(二)
The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many phases of clinical reasoning and decision making.
proceed 進(jìn)行、開展 reasoning 推論、推理 clinical reasoning 診斷
clinical decision 確定治療方案 making decision 做出決定
醫(yī)患溝通在臨床診斷和治療決策的許多時(shí)期進(jìn)行著。
The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns, followed by inquiries or evaluation to address these concerns in increasingly precise ways.
elucidation 說明、闡明 inquire 詢問、調(diào)查 evaluation 評(píng)估、評(píng)價(jià)
這種溝通開始于病人主訴或所關(guān)注問題的述說，然后通過交流、評(píng)估不斷精確地確定這些問題。
The process commonly requires a careful history or physical examination, ordering of diagnostic tests, integration of clinical findings with the test results, understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action, and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans.
integration 綜合 consultation 磋商、會(huì)診
這個(gè)過程通常需要細(xì)致的病史詢問和體格檢查，開具診斷性化驗(yàn)醫(yī)囑，綜合臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)和化驗(yàn)結(jié)果，理解分析擬行治療過程中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和療效，然后與病人及家屬反復(fù)磋商以完善治療方案
Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized, while respecting individual variations among different patients
respecting 注意到、關(guān)系、說到 evidence-based medicine 循證醫(yī)學(xué)
盡管考慮到不同病人中個(gè)體差異是存在的，但醫(yī)生們?cè)絹碓饺菀撞殚啿粩嘣鲩L(zhǎng)的循證醫(yī)學(xué)文獻(xiàn)來指導(dǎo)這個(gè)過程，使得療效最大化。
The increasing availability of randomized trials to guide the approach to diagnosis and therapy should not be equated with “cookbook” medicine
availability 可利用性， 可得到 randomize 隨機(jī)的 cookbook 食譜，烹調(diào)書 approach 接近
但是，不斷增多的可用于指導(dǎo)臨床診斷與治療的隨機(jī)試驗(yàn)資料不應(yīng)當(dāng)作“烹調(diào)書”使用。
Evidence and the guidelines that are derived from it emphasize proven approaches for patients with specific characteristics.
Evidence 證據(jù)，跡象 guideline 指導(dǎo)方針 emphasize 強(qiáng)調(diào)
因?yàn)殡S機(jī)試驗(yàn)獲得的現(xiàn)象和思路是側(cè)重于求證具有某些特征病人而來的。
Substantial clinical judgment is required to determine whether the evidence and guidelines
apply to individual patients and to recognize the occasional.
substantial clinical 真實(shí)的，實(shí)在的 individual 個(gè)體 occasional 偶爾的，特殊的`
實(shí)際的臨床判斷需要確定這些臨床表現(xiàn)和診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否能應(yīng)用于病人個(gè)體，并能找出例外。
Even more judgment is required in the many situations in which evidence is absent or inconclusive.
inconclusive 不確定性，非決定性
在許多情況下，臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏或不典型，需要考慮更多的判斷。
Evidence also must be tempered by patients’ preferences, although it is a physician’s responsibility to emphasize when presenting alternative options to the patient.
temper 脾氣，調(diào)音 preference 偏愛 presenting 提出 alternative 可選擇的，二選一
雖然醫(yī)生有責(zé)任要提出選擇性問題讓病人回答，但病人肯定會(huì)根據(jù)自己的傾向調(diào)節(jié)臨床癥狀。
The adherence of a patient to a specific regimen is likely to be enhanced if the patient also understands the rationale and evidence behind the recommended option.
adherence 堅(jiān)持、固執(zhí) regimen 養(yǎng)生法、食物療法
enhance 提高、加強(qiáng) rationale 基本原理
假如病人懂得基本原理和表現(xiàn)，對(duì)醫(yī)生提出的問題，有特殊生活方式病人的固執(zhí)容易被強(qiáng)化。
To care for a patient as an individual, the physician must understand the patient as a person. care for 喜歡、照料
為了把病人作為一個(gè)個(gè)體進(jìn)行治療，醫(yī)生必須理解病人是一個(gè)人(不是一群人)。
This fundamental precept of doctoring includes an understanding of the patient’s social situation, family issues, financial concerns, and preferences for different types of care and outcomes, ranging from maximum prolongation of life to the relief of pain and suffering. precept 訓(xùn)戒 doctoring 行醫(yī) prolongation 延長(zhǎng)
這個(gè)最基本的行醫(yī)原則包括了解病人的社會(huì)地位，家庭問題，資金狀況以及正確理解病人對(duì)不同治療方法、不同治療結(jié)果的選擇，從最大限度地延長(zhǎng)生命到臨時(shí)緩解疼痛和折磨。
If the physician does not appreciate and address these issues, the science of medicine cannot be applied appropriately, and even the most knowledgeable physician fails to achieve appropriate outcomes.
appreciate 欣賞、感謝、評(píng)價(jià) appropriate 適當(dāng)?shù)�、恰�?dāng)?shù)?/p>
假如醫(yī)生沒有正確理解和重視這個(gè)問題，醫(yī)學(xué)就不可能恰當(dāng)?shù)貞?yīng)用于臨床，甚至一個(gè)知識(shí)淵博的醫(yī)生也不能取得理想的治療結(jié)果。
Even as physicians become increasingly aware of new discoveries, patients can obtain their own information from a variety of sources, some of which are of questionable reliability. questionable 可疑的、成問題的、不可靠的 reliability 可靠、可信賴的
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