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      新概念英語四冊課堂筆記 Lesson55:Patterns of

      時間:2017-02-10 15:08:35 娛樂資訊 我要投稿

      新概念英語四冊課堂筆記 Lesson55:Patterns of Culture

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      L55 Patterns of Culture

      Custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

      No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-off-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities. Every child that is born into his group will share them with him, and no child born into one on the opposite side of the globe can ever achieve the thousandth part. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us to understand than this of the role of custom. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible.

      The study of custom can be profitable only after certain preliminary propositions have been accepted, and some of these propositions have been violently opposed. In the first place any scientific study requires that there be no preferential weighting of one or another of the items in the series it selects for its consideration. In all the less controversial fields like the study of cacti or termites or the nature of nebulae, the necessary method of study is to group the relevant material and to take note of all possible variant forms and conditions. In this way we have learned all that we know of the laws of astronomy, or of the habits of the social insects, let us say. It is only in the study of man himself that the major social sciences have substituted the study of one local variation, that of Western civilization. Anthropology was by definition impossible as long as these distinctions between ourselves and the primitive, ourselves and the barbarian, ourselves and the pagan, held sway over people's minds. It was necessary first to arrive at that degree, of sophistication where we no longer set our own belief over against our neighbour's superstition. It was necessary to recognize that these institutions which are based on the same premises, let us say the supernatural, must be considered together, our own among the rest. New words and expressions

      a way of thinking 一種想法

      commonplace a.平凡的 口頭語common

      the other way around相反

      aberrant a.脫離常軌的,異常的;(醫(yī))變異,失常

      ab-表示"偏離,脫離或離開" = irregular

      normal正!猘bnormal不正常;use用——abuse濫用;

      (近)eccentric怪異的;straying偏離的:a stray dog野狗;go astray步入歧途

      trivial a.微不足道的,瑣碎的triviality細(xì)節(jié),瑣事(見lesson12)

      frist rate第一流 A-one第一等的,第一流的;topflight最棒的; second to none首屈一指;second to 次于

      predominant a.占優(yōu)勢的,起支配作用的 predominace n. dominate統(tǒng)治地位

      pre-前面的` = superior,preponderate

      paramount絕對重要; principal主要的;校長

      manifest vt.清楚地表現(xiàn) illustrate vi.舉例說明;圖解;加插圖于;闡明vi.舉例

      portray繪畫

      pristine a.原始的(太古年代)(lesson27) (近)primitive原始的(一般);ancient古代的;

      prehistoric史前的

      stereotype n.陳規(guī)(lesson5)break through打破

      over against和……相比 = be compared with

      vernacular n.方言 (和外語相比較)母語,mother tongue的變體 (近)dialect方言(在一國內(nèi))

      accent口音 vary from person to person因人而異

      accommodation n.適應(yīng) v. accommodate容納 He accommodates himself to sth.

      accommodation to對……適應(yīng) = adapt to, adjustment to 區(qū)別adoption采取,收養(yǎng)

      incumbent a.義不容辭的,有責(zé)任的 結(jié)構(gòu):It is incumbent on sb.to do…

      responsible有責(zé)任的 responsible for為……負(fù)責(zé)

      proposition n.主張 來源:propose向……提議

      Man proposes,God disposes.謀事在人,成事在天。

      (近)tender投標(biāo),建議

      unintelligible a.難理解的 intelligible可理解的

      區(qū)別:intellectual 知識分子;intelligent聰明的

      read—readable—unreadable;

      comprehension—comprehensible—incomprehensible;

      discern—discernable—undiscernable

      preferential a.優(yōu)先的 來源:prefer favorable有利的

      prefer green tea to black tea./I prefer to green tea rather than black tea. black coffee =

      sugar free coffee現(xiàn)在國外最流行的:decaf coffee

      controversial a.引起爭論的 controversy n.論爭(lesson39)

      cactus n.仙人掌 復(fù)數(shù)形式:cacti拉丁變形

      abacus算盤—abaci(pl.); alumnus校友—alumni(pl.)

      termite n.白蟻

      group vt.把……分類

      variant a.不同的 variation n.變化;變奏曲

      易混:various各種各樣的;variety多樣性

      barbarian n.野蠻人 = savage,vandal

      pagan n.異教徒 相信不只有一個神的人或非基督教徒者

      區(qū)別heretic異教徒 信邪教的人

      hold sway over支配,掌握 Superstition holds sway over my brain/mind.

      wield揮,統(tǒng)治,支配(lesson40)

      sway(左右)搖;shake(上下)搖;swing(繞圈)搖

      premise n.前提 大/小前提:major/minor premise

      Only on the premise of equality,can we further negotiate.

      institution n.慣例,風(fēng)俗 長期的習(xí)慣,不一定要遵守(社會風(fēng)俗)

      custom不同部落,種族 When in Rome,do as the Romans do.

      tradition有歷史遺傳(可指家庭習(xí)俗)

      supernatural a.超自然的

      Notes on the text

      The basic background about this author:

      Ruth Benedict (female)

      She is a famous anthropologist.

      "Cultural relativism"文化相關(guān)論

      subject ( = topic,theme)

      great moment = significance重要性

      The inner workings of our own brains…倒裝句式

      正常:we feel the…workings to be… 賓語前置,強調(diào)賓語

      workings運作(可數(shù)名詞)

      uniquely獨特的 = only

      worthy of值得

      commonplace a.后省略名詞level

      We have a way of thinking. = as we view/see it

      As a matter of fact作為一個事實而言( = in fact)

      Traditional custom,taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.非常難句型 主語:Traditional custom 謂語:is a mass

      mass大量 = collection

      is a mass = is a whole/total

      taken被動語態(tài),"采樣","取樣"

      take the world over = throughout the world

      detailed細(xì)致的 astonishing = surprising evolve進(jìn)化(develop)

      the predominant role一個主導(dǎo)作用

      experience實踐

      in belief信仰,思維活動

      it may manifest體現(xiàn)

      variety多樣性

      第二段第一句話點出主題

      pristine eye原始的眼光 = pure純潔的

      edite編輯

      definite一定形式的,有限的

      set集合

      custom習(xí)俗

      institution慣例

      ways of thinking思維方式

      probing = research, studies研究

      stereotype陳規(guī),定式

      very強調(diào)

      very修飾名詞表示強調(diào)

      have reference to和……有關(guān) = be connected with

      John Dewey(1859-…)"哲學(xué)思想":learning by doing

      in all seriousness = seriously

      the part = the role

      在某一方面,用介詞in

      as…as比較 第一個as后面,風(fēng)俗對人的影響——人對風(fēng)俗的影響

      第二個as后面,母語總體的詞匯比例——被吸收到家庭語言中的兒語

      over against對比,與……比較

      orders = different levels不同層面,不同階層

      have had虛擬

      autonomously auto自動 autonomous自治的

      figure省略用法=figure of speech

      no more than正好,恰好 = just

      observation觀察,證明

      life history 生平

      first and foremost = above all最重要,首先

      accommodation適應(yīng)

      pattern行為模式

      standard規(guī)范,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

      hand down = pass on流傳下來

      省略謂語

      group種族 = race

      born into出生于

      globe = earth

      no——整體否定

      cultural transmission文化傳遞

      it is more incumbent upon us to understand…插入語

      until直到

      as to +名詞 = about 關(guān)于

      complicating = difficult復(fù)雜

      unintelligible難以理解的

      not until直到……才

      until直到……為止

      profitable有利可圖的 = beneficial

      preliminary基本,基礎(chǔ) = basic

      have been的用法:后面的動作,一定是要和前面構(gòu)成一個完成,后面的完成才能引發(fā)前面 的動作

      violently opposed強烈的反對

      require虛擬

      weighting稱重

      item選擇的課題,項目

      one of the items or another=on or another of the items

      in all the less controversial fields…在不太令人爭論的一些領(lǐng)域

      nebulae星云

      all that we know of…

      that we know做all的后置定語

      of 做all的后置定語

      social insects群居生活的昆蟲

      let us say = so to speak

      major social sciences主要的社會學(xué)

      substitute替換,替代

      that of 作同位語

      anthropology人類學(xué)

      as long as = if 只要,如果

      degree of sophistication = understanding理解

      set over against與……對比

      these institutions這些習(xí)俗

      指前面belief,superstition

      Our among the rest 獨立主格句

      新概念英語四冊課堂筆記 Lesson55:Patterns of Culture

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