2017年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀練習(xí)題及參考答案
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2017年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀練習(xí)題及參考答案(一)
The New Gender Gap
When the leaders of the Class of 2003 assemble in Lawrence High’s fluorescent-lit1 meeting rooms, most of the boys are nowhere to be seen. The senior class president? A girl. The vice -president? Girl.
Head of student government? Girl. Captain of the math team, chief of the yearbook, and editor of the newspaper? Girls. The female lock on power at Lawrence is emblematic of a stunning gender reversal in American education. From kindergarten to graduate school, boys are fast becoming the second sex.
It may still be a man’s world . But it is no longer, in any way, a boy’s. From his first days in school, an average boy is already developmentally two years behind the girls in reading and writing. Yet he’s often expected to learn the same things in the same way in the same amount of time. While every nerve in his body tells him to run, he has to sit still and listen for almost eight hours a day. Biologically, he needs about four recesses a day, but he’s lucky if he gets one, since some lawsuit-leery schools have banned them altogether. Hug a girl, and he could be labeled a" toucher”and swiftly suspended — a result of what some say is an increasingly anti-boy culture that pathologizes their behavior.
Overall, more boys and girls are in college than a generation ago. But when adjusted for population growth, the percentage of boys entering college , master’s programs, and most doctoral programs — except for PhDs2 in fields like engineering and computer science — has mostly stalled out, whereas for women it has continued to rise across the board. The trend is most pronounced among Hispanics, African Americans, and those from low-income families.
Instead of catering to boys’learning styles, others argue, many schools are force-fitting them into an unnatural mold. The reigning sit-still-and-listen paradigm isn’t ideal for either sex.
Experts say educators should focus on helping boys feel less like misfits. Experts are designing new developmentally appropriate, child-initiated learning that concentrates on problem-solving, not just test-taking. This approach benefits both sexes but especially boys, given that they tend to learn best through action, not just talk. Activities are geared toward the child’s interest level and temperament. Boys, for example, can learn math through counting pinecones, biology through mucking around in a pond. They can read Harry Potter instead of Little House on the Prairie , and write about aliens attacking a hospital rather than about how to care for people in the hospital.
Indeed, brain research shows that boys are actually more empathic, expressive, and emotive at birth than girls. But the boy code , which bathes them in a culture of stoicism and reticence, often socializes those aptitudes out of them by the second grade ."We now have executives paying 10 , 000 a week to learn emotional intelligence,"says Pollock."These are actually the skills boys are born with."
A new world has opened up for girls, but unless a symmetrical effort is made to help boys find their footing, it may turn out that it’s a lonely place to be.
練習(xí)題：
�、�. Complete the following sentences with the words given:
banned geared labeled revealed
1. Would you please hand me the bottle wisdom.
2. Many classical books were once criticized and thus by the authorities.
3. Research has how huge the gap between the poor and the rich is.
4. This game is toward a better and faster response.
�、�. Question:
Why did experts design new developmentally appropriate, child-initiated learning?
答案：
Ⅰ. 1. labeled 2. banned 3. revealed 4 . geared
�、�. Because that concentrates on problem-solving, not just test-taking.
參考譯文：
男孩女孩, 孰為第二性?
在勞倫斯中學(xué)里, 當(dāng)2003屆的學(xué)生干部在燈火通明的會(huì)議室開會(huì)時(shí), 男生們大都無(wú)處可覓。畢業(yè)班班長(zhǎng)是女生, 副班長(zhǎng)是女生, 學(xué)生自治會(huì)主席是女生, 數(shù)學(xué)組組長(zhǎng)、年鑒主編、校報(bào)編輯也是女生。
女生在勞倫斯中學(xué)掌權(quán), 這反映出美國(guó)教育界令人吃驚的陰盛陽(yáng)衰現(xiàn)象。從幼兒園到研究生院, 男生正迅速淪為從屬性別。
這也許依然是男人的世界。但無(wú)論從哪個(gè)方面看, 這個(gè)世界都不是男孩的世界。從踏入校門開始, 男孩在閱讀和寫作上就已經(jīng)比女孩平均落后了兩年, 因?yàn)槟泻l(fā)育較晚。然而, 人們卻往往期望男孩在同樣多的時(shí)間里以同樣的方式學(xué)習(xí)同樣的東西。男孩身上的每根神經(jīng)都使他想要四處跑動(dòng), 可他卻不得不一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐著, 每天聽差不多8 小時(shí)的課。
從生物學(xué)的角度看, 他每天大約需要4節(jié)游戲課, 可他能有一節(jié)游戲課就算萬(wàn)幸了, 因?yàn)橛行⿲W(xué)校違反規(guī)定, 完全取消了游戲課。如果他擁抱了一名女孩, 可能會(huì)背上“ 色狼”的惡名, 動(dòng)輒被學(xué)校開除。之所以造成這種結(jié)果, 正如有人所說(shuō), 是因?yàn)榇嬖谥环N越來(lái)越違背男孩本性的文化, 從而造成男孩的行為異常。
從整體上看, 大學(xué)中男生和女生的人數(shù)比上一代人增加了。但是, 如果把人口增長(zhǎng)因素考慮進(jìn)去, 那么, 男孩讀大學(xué)、碩士和博士( 在工程和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)等少數(shù)學(xué)科讀博士的男孩 除外) 的比例, 基本上已停止增長(zhǎng)。而女孩讀大學(xué)、碩士和博士的比例卻繼續(xù)全面增長(zhǎng)。
在西班牙裔美國(guó)人、非洲裔美國(guó)人和來(lái)自低收入家庭的美國(guó)人中, 女孩的這種增長(zhǎng)趨勢(shì)最為明顯。
有人認(rèn)為, 許多學(xué)校不是去適應(yīng)男孩的學(xué)習(xí)方式, 而是強(qiáng)迫他們接受違背其天性的'做法。讓孩子一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐著聽老師講課, 這種盛行的做法無(wú)論對(duì)男孩還是女孩都不是最好方法。
專家們說(shuō)教育工作者應(yīng)重點(diǎn)幫助男孩逐步消除認(rèn)為自己不適應(yīng)學(xué)習(xí)的感覺。他們正在根據(jù)兒童自己的意見, 設(shè)計(jì)符合兒童發(fā)育規(guī)律的新的學(xué)習(xí)方法。這種方法重視培養(yǎng)解決問題的能力, 而不是一味強(qiáng)調(diào)考試。它使男孩和女孩都能從中受益, 但男孩受益更大, 因?yàn)樗麄兺ㄟ^動(dòng)手而不只是動(dòng)嘴的方法能取得最好的學(xué)習(xí)效果。這種方法專門針對(duì)孩子的興趣和性情安排相應(yīng)的活動(dòng)。例如, 男孩可采取數(shù)松果的方式學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué), 通過在池塘邊玩耍的方式學(xué)習(xí)生物。他們閱讀的書可以是《哈利· 波特》, 而不是《大草原上的小木屋》; 他們作文的內(nèi)容可以是外星人襲擊一所醫(yī)院, 而不是如何在醫(yī)院里照顧病人。
的確, 大腦研究表明, 實(shí)際上男孩生來(lái)就比女孩更富有同情心, 更善于表達(dá), 也更容易受感動(dòng)。但是, 人們給男孩樹立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)卻要求他們寵辱不驚, 沉默寡言。所以, 他們到二年級(jí)時(shí)就被社會(huì)化了, 從而喪失了這些天性。波拉克說(shuō):“ 現(xiàn)在, 一些公司高層管理人員不惜每周花費(fèi)1 萬(wàn)美元, 去培養(yǎng)情感能力。實(shí)際上, 對(duì)男孩來(lái)說(shuō)這些能力是與生俱來(lái)的。”一個(gè)新的世界已展現(xiàn)在女孩面前。但是, 如果不下功夫幫助男孩在這個(gè)世界里找到自的位置, 那么, 這個(gè)世界終將是一個(gè)孤獨(dú)的世界。
2017年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀練習(xí)題及參考答案(二)
Some People Are Born With Confidence
Some people are born with the belief that they are masters of their own lives. Others feel they are at the mercy of1 fate.
New research shows that part of those feelings are in the genes. Psychologists have long known that people confident in their ability to control their destinies are more likely to adjust well to growing old than those who feel that they drift on the currents of fate2 .
Two researchers who questioned hundreds of Swedish twins report that such confidence, or lack of it, is partly genetic and partly drawn from experience. They also found that the belief in blind luck — a conviction that coincidence plays a big role in life is something learned in life and has nothing to do with heredity.
The research was conducted at the Karolinska Institute — better known as the body that annually awards the Nobel Prize for medicine — by Nancy Pedersen of the Institute and Margaret Gatz, a professor of psychology at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Their results were recently published in the United States in the Journal of Gerontology.
People who are confident of their ability to control their lives have an"internal locus of control, "and have a better chance of being well adjusted in their old age, said Pedersen. An" external locus of control", believing that outside forces determine the course of life, has been linked to depression in latter years, she said.
"We are trying to understand what makes people different. What makes some people age gracefully and others have a more difficult time ?"she said. The study showed that while people have an inborn predilection toward independence and self-confidence, about 70 percent of this personality trait3 is affected by a person’s environment and lifetime experiences.
Pedersen’s studies, with various collaborators, probe the aging process by comparing sets of twins, both identical and fraternal, many of whom were separated at an early age.
The subjects were drawn from a roster first compiled about 30 years ago registering all twins born in Sweden since 1886. The complete list, which was extended in 1971, has 95,000 sets of twins.
練習(xí)題：
Ⅰ. Multiple choice:
1. Researchers questioned of Swedish twins report that such confidence is partly genetic .
A. hundreds B. thousands C. dozens D. 95, 000 sets
2. People who are confident of their ability to control their lives have a better chance of being well adjusted in their .
A. old age B. jobs C. family
3. By comparing sets of twins, Pedersen’s studies focus on .
A. the age process B. the social justice C. the social environment
4. The"internal locus of control"means .
A. self-constructive forces to maintain the balance of the mind
B. self-motivated power to achieve consciousness
C. inside forces determine the course of life
�、�. Explain the following words:
1. blind luck
2. external locus of control
答案：
Ⅰ. 1. A 2 . A 3. A 4 . C
�、�. 1. a conviction that coincidence plays a big role in life is something learned in life and has nothing to do with heredity
2. outside forces determine the course of life
參考譯文：
你的自信父母說(shuō)了算
有些人天生相信他們是自我生命的主宰, 其他人則覺得他們受到命運(yùn)的支配。一項(xiàng)新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)這些感覺部分來(lái)自基因。
心理學(xué)家早就知道有信心掌握自己命運(yùn)的人比那些覺得自己是受命運(yùn)擺布的人更能適應(yīng)老化。
兩位研究員在詢問了好幾百對(duì)瑞典的雙胞胎后報(bào)告說(shuō), 信心的有無(wú), 一部分是與基因有關(guān), 另一部分則是來(lái)自經(jīng)驗(yàn)的累積。他們同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn), 相信盲目運(yùn)氣——— 認(rèn)為巧合在生命中扮演一個(gè)很重要的角色——— 的人是在生活過程中形成這一觀點(diǎn)的, 而與遺傳無(wú)關(guān)。
這項(xiàng)研究是在卡羅林斯卡醫(yī)學(xué)院里進(jìn)行的。這個(gè)醫(yī)學(xué)院以每年對(duì)外頒贈(zèng)諾貝爾醫(yī)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)而聞名。進(jìn)行這項(xiàng)研究的是學(xué)院里的南希· 皮德森和洛杉磯南加大的心理學(xué)教授瑪格麗特· 賈茲。研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在美國(guó)《老年學(xué)》期刊上。
皮德森說(shuō), 對(duì)自己掌握生命的能力有信心的人有一種“ 內(nèi)在控制的基因位點(diǎn)”, 比較能夠適應(yīng)老年期。而“ 外在控制的基因位點(diǎn)”相信外在力量決定生命之旅, 從而導(dǎo)致晚年的沮喪情緒。
她說(shuō):“我們想了解人與人之間相異的.原因是什么。是什么原因使有些人安然地步入晚年, 而有些人則比較困難? ”
這項(xiàng)研究顯示, 有人能夠擁有天生的自信與獨(dú)立, 而百分之七十有這種個(gè)性的人, 是受環(huán)境與一生經(jīng)驗(yàn)的影響。
皮德森與眾多合作者進(jìn)行的這項(xiàng)研究, 把許多在很小就分開的同卵及異卵雙胞胎放在一起比較老化的過程。
研究對(duì)象是從一本三十年前編纂的名冊(cè)中抽出的。這本名冊(cè)登記有自1886 年以來(lái)所有 在瑞典出生的雙胞胎。這份完整的名單— 直延續(xù)到1971 年, 共計(jì)九萬(wàn)五千對(duì)雙胞胎。
2017年英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀練習(xí)題及參考答案(三)
The Power Of Harry Potter
As if by magic, virtually all British parents have suddenly picked up the habit of reading to their children. A poll commissioned by UK electricity utility1 Powergen found that Harry Potter, as well as older classics, had created a veritable bedtime reading revolution. Ninety percent of British parents now read to their children, up from only 40 percent in 2000. Powergen claimed the rise was due to the popularity of what it called“ kid-ult2 ” books, which appeal to children and adults alike .“With the current revival of children’s classics like the Lord of the Rings3 at the cinema, parents are rediscovering books they read when they were younger or are feeling inspired to read them for the first time, ”a Powergen statement quoted psychologist Aric Sigman as saying.“ Just as both parents and children can enjoy escapism and fantasy4 these stories also raise important issues that they can talk about together. This sharing of ideas and opinions is critical to the emotional and creative development of children. ”
Barry Cunningham still laughs about that moment in 1997, when he told a single mother with a knack for fantasy storytelling to find herself a day job, because writing children’s books did not pay.
He could not have known then that his decision to publish a book about a boy wizard would start an international publishing phenomenon, or that within six years the first-time children’s book writer in question would be richer than the Queen of England. The“find a day job ” blunder has become part of the legend of Harry Potter, as has Mr Cunningham’s role in picking up the book on behalf of Bloomsbury, its publisher in the UK, after other longer-established companies had turned it down.
But the cheerful 51-year-old’s story does not end with the career-making move of signing、 J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter’s creator. In fact, the former marketing director left Bloomsbury weeks before the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, the first instalment5 of the boy wizard’s adventures. Today, he is running his own boutique children’s book publisher —The Chicken House — and, once again, being credited with turning little -known storytellers into bigtime bestsellers.“I did not see any direct financial benefits ( from signing J. K. Rowling) but it has given me a huge reputation — and the intangible thing is the confidence it gave me in my own judgment. ”
Word of mouth about his eye for talent even prompted executives at Scholastic, the largest publisher of children’s books in the world, to approach Mr Cunningham in 2001 after reading in a trade publication that the man who discovered Harry was looking for a distributor for his new publishing company. “We thought greatly of his talent and we knew his taste. We felt he had a sense for looking for new voices ( combined with ) a commercial sense, ”says Barbara Marcus, the president of Scholastic children’s books and distribution.
“ It’s odd to say a 50-year-old man knows what a 13-year-old wants to read, but I do, ”says Mr Cunningham.
練習(xí)題：
�、�. Translate the followin g Chin ese e xp res sio ns into En glish e quiva le nts acco rding to the passage:
1. 由于, 因?yàn)?/p>
2. 復(fù)活, 重生, 重新出現(xiàn)
3. 經(jīng)典作品, 古典作品
4. 民意調(diào)查
Ⅱ. Questions :
1. Which country buy the most gold to make jewelry?
2. What are“reserved currencies”?
答案：
�、�. 1. due to 2. revival 3. classic 4 . poll
�、�. 1. Lord of the Rings 2. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone
譯文：
哈里·波特的威力
如同中了魔法一般, 幾乎所有的英國(guó)家長(zhǎng)都突然撿起了念書給孩子聽的習(xí)慣。英國(guó)電力公司委托組織的一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),《哈里·波特》系列以及一些更早的經(jīng)典著作已經(jīng)掀起了一場(chǎng)真正的睡前閱讀革命: 現(xiàn)在有90%的英國(guó)家長(zhǎng)念書給孩子聽, 而在2000年這一比例只有40% 。調(diào)查認(rèn)為這種增長(zhǎng)是由于所謂的“大小人”書的流行, 這樣的書對(duì)大人和孩子有同樣的吸引力。“ 隨著現(xiàn)時(shí)像《指環(huán)王》這樣的兒童經(jīng)典著作在電影院中的復(fù)興, 家長(zhǎng)們對(duì)自己兒時(shí)讀過的書籍產(chǎn)生了新的興趣, 或者說(shuō)是第一次有了去讀它們的愿望,”調(diào)查的一份聲明中援引心理學(xué)家埃里克·西格曼的話說(shuō),“正如家長(zhǎng)和孩子都可以從空想和幻想中得到樂趣一樣, 這些小說(shuō)也為家長(zhǎng)和孩子提出了可以一起討論的重要問題。與家長(zhǎng)分享意見和看法對(duì)孩子情感和創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展是至關(guān)重要的。”
提起1997年那件事時(shí), 巴里·坎寧安依然覺得好笑。當(dāng)時(shí), 他勸一位一心要寫幻想故事的單身母親找一份日常工作, 因?yàn)閷憙和瘯氖杖肷跷ⅰ?/p>
那時(shí)他并不知道, 他決定出版那本關(guān)于巫術(shù)男孩的書竟會(huì)在國(guó)際出版界創(chuàng)造一個(gè)奇跡。他也沒料到, 6年時(shí)間內(nèi), 這位首次出兒童書且受爭(zhēng)議的作者竟比英國(guó)女王還富有。“找份工作”這句蠢話成了《哈利·波特》傳奇的一部分。在一些歷史更悠久的出版社拒絕出版該書后, 坎寧安先生代表英國(guó)出版商布盧姆斯伯里買下該書的出版權(quán), 這也成為此傳奇的一部分。
對(duì)生性開朗的51歲的坎寧安先生而言, 簽下《哈利·波特》作者J. K.羅琳絕非事業(yè)的尾聲。事實(shí)上, 在巫術(shù)男孩系列冒險(xiǎn)小說(shuō)第一部《哈利·波特與魔法石》出版前數(shù)周,他辭去布盧姆斯伯里營(yíng)銷總監(jiān)一職,離開了出版社。如今, 他經(jīng)營(yíng)自己創(chuàng)辦的'“小雞書屋”———一間精品兒童書籍出版社。他繼續(xù)幫助默默無(wú)聞的作者成為暢銷書作者, 廣受人們的贊譽(yù)。“( 簽下羅琳) 并沒有給我?guī)?lái)任何直接的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益, 但這使我名聲大噪, 并且還有一個(gè)無(wú)形的益處: 我對(duì)自己的判斷力有了信心。”
坎寧安先生慧眼識(shí)才的能力就此傳開。甚至在2001年, 世界上最大的兒童書出版商學(xué)究出版社的高級(jí)職員在業(yè)界出版物上讀到一則消息:發(fā)現(xiàn)哈利·波特的人正為自己的新出版社尋找分銷商, 隨即便與他聯(lián)系。學(xué)究出版社兒童出版及分銷總裁芭芭拉·馬庫(kù)斯說(shuō):“ 我們看中他的才能, 并且了解他的品味。我們覺得, 他有發(fā)現(xiàn)新人的能力, 同時(shí)又有商業(yè)意識(shí)。”
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