外位語(yǔ)的翻譯
實(shí)際上指相同事物的兩個(gè)詞或短句拆開(kāi)來(lái)出現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)地方,用一個(gè)做句子的成分,把另外一個(gè)放在句外。我們就把這個(gè)居于結(jié)構(gòu)之外的成分叫外位語(yǔ),那個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)之內(nèi)的成分叫本位語(yǔ)。舉個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的栗子”關(guān)起門(mén)來(lái)搞建設(shè),這樣是不行的”,其中”關(guān)起門(mén)來(lái)搞建設(shè)”是外位語(yǔ),”這”是本位語(yǔ),對(duì)于這類(lèi)句子我們主要有兩種方法:”譯出來(lái)”和”譯進(jìn)去”.
一,譯出來(lái)
所謂”譯出來(lái)”即將外位語(yǔ)譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的成分與主句分離,分以下三種情況
1,譯成外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)
如:
然而朋友們把多量的同情,多量的愛(ài),多量的歡樂(lè),多量的眼淚分了給我,這些東西都是生存所必需的。
My friends then gave me in large quantities sympathy, love, joy and tears—things essential for existence.
有喜有憂(yōu),有笑有淚,有花有實(shí),有香有色,既須勞動(dòng) ,又長(zhǎng)見(jiàn)識(shí) ,這就是養(yǎng)花的樂(lè)趣。(老舍:《養(yǎng)花》)
Joy and sorrow, laughter and tears, flowers and fruit ,fragrance and color, manual labor and increased knowledge all these make up the joy of flower cultivation.
以上兩例,都是套用漢語(yǔ)中含有外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的句子框架來(lái)翻譯。
2,譯為獨(dú)立的一個(gè)句子或者是并列句
有些朋友,連他們的名字我以前也不知道,他們卻關(guān)心我的健康,處處打聽(tīng)我的“病況”,直到他們看見(jiàn)了我那被日光曬黑了的臉和膀子,他們才放心地微笑了,這種情形的確值得人掉淚。
Some, whom I did not even know by name, showed concern over my health and went about inquiring after me. It was not until they saw my suntanned face and arms that they began to smile a smile of relief. All that was enough to move one to tears.
世間有不少的人為了家庭拋棄朋友,至少也會(huì)在家庭和朋友之間劃一個(gè)界限,把家庭看得比朋友重過(guò)若干倍。這似乎是很自然的事情。
Many people forsake their friends in favor of their own families, or at least draw a line of demarcation between families and friends, considering the former to be many times more important than the latter. That seems to be a matter of course.
褻瀆的人固然不少,我可總不忍——這一套又是書(shū)生之見(jiàn)。
Though many other people violate the taboo, I for my part cannot bear to do the same. This again is the impractical view of a bookish person.
3,將外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)譯為由介詞of ,as for, as to, as regard等引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)放在句首,通常適用于句子中出現(xiàn)”至于”或含有此意味的句子.
至于不挑食,其心態(tài)與上面相似。
As to picky eating, I often find people barely over forty becoming very choosy about food.
4,譯為同位語(yǔ)或非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
一個(gè)人既不能獨(dú)立轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)氣,也該在消極方面有所自守,邦同作弊,贊助越出常軌的事兒,總可以免了吧,——這自然是書(shū)生之見(jiàn),不免通達(dá)的人一笑。
If it is beyond one's capacity to single-handedly stem the prevailing social evils, one should at least be self-disciplined so as not to make matters worse. All this is undoubtedly the pedantic view of bookish person—a view which must sound ridiculous to all sensible gentlemen.(譯為同位語(yǔ))
世人常稱(chēng)大學(xué)為“最高學(xué)府”,這名稱(chēng)易滋誤解,好像過(guò)此 以上即無(wú)學(xué)問(wèn)可言。
A university has often been misleadingly referred to as "the highest seat of learning", which sounds as if there were no more learning to speak of beyond it.
(譯為定語(yǔ)從句)
二,譯進(jìn)去
即將外位語(yǔ)作為句子的一部分來(lái)翻譯,”融入”到句子中
1, 將外語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化成為名詞從句或不定式短語(yǔ),置于句末,作邏輯主語(yǔ),而用it作形式主語(yǔ)。例如:
不調(diào)查、不研究、提起筆來(lái)“硬寫(xiě)”,這就是不負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度.
It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up the pen and "force ourselves to write" without investigation or study.
2, 將"這""這些"略去不譯,直接把外位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)譯為句中的一個(gè)成分
今天忽然聽(tīng)說(shuō)北京大學(xué)要開(kāi)一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì),這個(gè)消息使我很高興。
Today I was very happy to hear that Peking University was about to schedule a sports meet.
他們根據(jù)自己的文學(xué)欣賞的才能,根據(jù)不同時(shí)代潮流,對(duì)文學(xué)作品提出自己的看法,互相爭(zhēng)論,互相學(xué)習(xí),互相啟發(fā),互相提高,這也是一種創(chuàng)作活動(dòng),對(duì)文學(xué)理論的建設(shè)會(huì)有很大的好處.
In accordance with their own capacity for literary appreciation and the different historical trends, the views they put forward for mutual discussion, study, inspiration and improvement are also something creative and conducive to the development of literary theory.
逢到和舊友談話(huà),就不知不覺(jué)地把話(huà)題轉(zhuǎn)到舊事上去,這是我的習(xí)慣。
When chatting away with my old friends, I am in the habit of unwittingly channeling the topic of conversation toward things of former days.
這種譯法比較靈活,童鞋們要在平時(shí)多做積累。
3,指代主語(yǔ)的外位語(yǔ),可譯為句中的表語(yǔ),有些地方稱(chēng)這種方法為”倒置法”
如:
工廠、鐵道、槍炮等,這些是物質(zhì)條件。
The material conditions are factories, railways, firearms and the like.
皮包,水壺,剃須刀,旅行藥箱等等,這些是旅行的必需品。
The necessities for traveling are leather satchels, flasks, razors, small medicine kits, and the like.
實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,這是我們今后相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的中心工作.
For a relatively long period ahead ,the focus of our work is to realize the economic development.
綜上,我們可以看到,漢譯英時(shí),外位語(yǔ)的處理方法是多種多樣的,有時(shí)可直接原封不動(dòng)地套用原文的框架,有時(shí)可進(jìn)行必要的轉(zhuǎn)換。但是究竟選擇何種方法,要充分考慮到英漢語(yǔ)不同的句法特點(diǎn),結(jié)合上下文,以達(dá)到最佳的翻譯效果。
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