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6月6級(jí)考試第二套真題閱讀部分及答案解析
在平平淡淡的日常中，許多人都需要跟試題打交道，借助試題可以更好地對(duì)被考核者的知識(shí)才能進(jìn)行考察測(cè)驗(yàn)。一份好的試題都是什么樣子的呢？以下是小編為大家整理的6月6級(jí)考試第二套真題閱讀部分及答案解析，歡迎閱讀與收藏。
選詞填空 Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on ,Answer Street 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.
The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear—man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass. As robots take on ever more complex roles, the question naturally 26__________ : Who will be responsible when they do something wrong? Manufacturers? Users? Software writers? The answer depends on the robot.
Robots already save us time, money and energy. In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living. The 27__________ of computational power and engineering advances will 28__________ enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29__________ use of driver less cars that may reduce drunk- and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service-industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.
But there are 30__________ to be problems. Robot cars will crash. A drone (遙控飛行器)operator will 31__________ someones privacy. A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbors cat. Juries sympathetic to the 32__________ of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company-crushing 33__________ and damages. What should governments do to protect people while 34__________ space for innovation?
Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driver less cars, should be built, 35__________ and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents. Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurer sprice the risk of the robots based on the manufacturers driving record, not the passengers.
A. arises
B. ascends
C. bound
D. combination
E. definite
F. eventually
G. interfere
H. invade
I. manifesting
J. penalties
K. preserving
L. programmed
M. proximately
N. victims
O. Widespread
段落匹配 Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Reform and Medical Costs
[A] Americans are deeply concerned about the relentless rise in health care costs and health insurance premiums. They need to know if reform will help solve the problem. The answer is that no one has an easy fix for rising medical costs. The fundamental fix—reshaping how care is delivered and how doctors are paid in a wasteful, abnormal system—is likely to be achieved only through trial and error and incremental (漸進(jìn)的)gains.
[B] The good news is that a bill just approved by the House and a bill approved by the Senate Finance Committee would implement or test many reforms that should help slow the rise in medical costs over the long term. As a report in The New England Journal of Medicine concluded, "Pretty much every proposed innovation found in the health policy literature these days is contained in these measures."
[C] Medical spending, which typically rises faster than wages and the overall economy, is propelled by two things: the high prices charged for medical services in this country and the volume of unnecessary care delivered by doctors and hospitals, which often perform a lot more tests and treatments than a patient really needs.
[D] Here are some of the important proposals in the House and Senate bills to try to address those problems, and why it is hard to know how well they will work.
[E] Both bills would reduce the rate of growth in annual Medicare payments to hospitals,nursing homes and other providers by amounts comparable to the productivity savings routinely made in other industries with the help of new technologies and new ways to organize work. This proposal could save Medicare more than $100 billion over the next decade. If private plans demanded similar productivity savings from providers, and refused to let providers shift additional costs to them, the savings could be much larger. Critics say Congress will give in to lobbyists and let inefficient providers off the hook That is far less likely to happen if Congress also adopts strong up aygo” rules requiring that any increase in payments to providers be offset by new taxes or budget cuts.
[F] The Senate Finance bill would impose an excise tax(消費(fèi)稅)on health insurance plans that cost more than $8,000 for an individual or $21,000 for a family. It would most likely cause insurers to redesign plans to fall beneath the threshold. Enrollees would have to pay more money for many services out of their own pockets, and that would encourage them to think twice about whether an expensive or redundant test was worth it. Economists project that most employers would shift money from expensive health benefits into wages. The House bill has no similar tax. The final legislation should.
[G] Any doctor who has wrestled with multiple forms from different insurers, or patients who have tried to understand their own parade of statements, know that simplification ought to save money. When the health insurance industry was still cooperating in reform efforts, it strade group offered to provide standardized forms for automated processing. It estimated that step would save hundreds of billions of dollars over the next decade. The bills would lock that pledge into law.
[H] The stimulus package provided money to convert the inefficient, paper-driven medical system to electronic records that can be easily viewed and transmitted. This requires open investments to help doctors convert. In time it should help restrain costs by eliminating redundant tests, preventing drug interactions, and helping doctors find the best treatments.
[I] Virtually all experts agree that the fee-for-service system—doctors are rewarded for the quantity of care rather than its quality or effectiveness—is a primary reason that the cost of care is so high. Most agree that the solution is to push doctors to accept fixed payments to care for a particular illness or for a patients needs over a year. No one knows how to make that happen quickly. The bills in both houses would start pilot projects within Medicare. They include such measures as accountable care organizations to take charge of a patients needs with an eye on both cost and quality, and chronic disease management to make sure the seriously ill, who are responsible for the bulk of all health care costs, are treated properly. For the most part, these experiments rely on incentive payments to get doctors to try them.
[J] Testing innovations do no good unless the good experiments are identified and expanded and the bad ones are dropped. The Senate bill would create an independent commission to monitor the pilot programs and recommend changes in Medicares payment policies to urge providers to adopt reforms that work. The changes would have to be approved or rejected as a whole by Congress, making it hard for narrow-interest lobbies to bend lawmakers to their will.
[K] The bills in both chambers would create health insurance exchanges on which small businesses and individuals could choose from an array of private plans and possibly a public option. All the plans would have to provide standard benefit packages that would be easy to compare. To get access to millions of new customers, insurers would have a strong incentive to sell on the exchange. And the head-to-head competition might give them a strong incentive to lower their prices, perhaps by accepting slimmer profit margins or demanding better deals from providers.
[L] The final legislation might throw a public plan into the competition, but thanks to the fierce opposition of the insurance industry and Republican critics, it might not save much money. The one in the House bill would have to negotiate rates with providers, rather than using Medicare rates, as many reformers wanted.
[M] The presidents stimulus package is pumping money into research to compare how well various treatments work. Is surgery, radiation or careful monitoring best for prostate (前列腺)cancer? Is the latest and most expensive cholesterol-lowering drug any better than its common competitors? The pending bills would spend additional money to accelerate this effort.
[N] Critics have charged that this sensible idea would lead to rationing of care. (That would be true only if you believed that patients should have an unrestrained right to treatments proven to be inferior.) As a result, the bills do not require, as they should, that the results of these studies be used to set payment rates in Medicare.
[O] Congress needs to find the courage to allow Medicare to pay preferentially for treatment sproven to be superior. Sometimes the best treatment might be the most expensive. But overall, we suspect that spending would come down through elimination of a lot of unnecessary or even dangerous tests and treatments.
[P] The House bill would authorize the secretary of health and human services to negotiate drug prices in Medicare and Medicaid. Some authoritative analysts doubt that the secretary would get better deals than private insurers already get. We believe negotiation could work. It does in other countries.
[Q] Missing from these bills is any serious attempt to rein in malpractice costs. Malpractice awards do drive up insurance premiums for doctors in high-risk specialties, and there is some evidence that doctors engage in "defensive medicine" by performing tests and treatment sprimarily to prove they are not negligent should they get sued.
注意:此部分試題請(qǐng)?jiān)诖痤}卡2上作答。
36. With a tax imposed on expensive health insurance plans, most employers will likely transfer money from health expenses into wages.
37. Changes in policy would be approved or rejected as a whole so that lobbyists would find it hard to influence lawmakers.
38. It is not easy to curb the rising medical costs in America.
39. Standardization of forms for automatic processing will save a lot of medical expenses.
40. Republicans and the insurance industry are strongly opposed to the creation of a public insurance plan.
41. Conversion of paper to electronic medical records will help eliminate redundant tests and prevent drug interactions.
42. The high cost of medical services and unnecessary tests and treatments have driven up medical expenses.
43. One main factor that has driven up medical expenses is that doctors are compensated for the amount of care rather than its effect.
44. Contrary to analysts doubts, the author believes drug prices may be lowered through negotiation.
45. Fair competition might create a strong incentive for insurers to charge less.
Section C 仔細(xì)閱讀
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. , B. , C. and D.. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Facing water shortages and escalating fertilizer costs, fanners in developing countries are using raw sewage (下水道污水)to irrigate and fertilize nearly 49 million acres of cropland, according to a new report—and it may not be a bad thing.
While the practice carries serious health risks for many, those dangers are outweighed by the social and economic gains for poor urban farmers and consumers who need affordable food.
"There is a large potential for waste water agriculture to both help and hurt great numbers of urban consumers," said Liqa Raschid-Sally, who led the study.
The report focused on poor urban areas, where farms in or near cities supply relatively inexpensive food. Most of these operations draw irrigation water from local rivers or lakes.Unlike developed cities, however, these areas lack advanced water-treatment facilities, and rivers effectively become sewers (下水道).
When this water is used for agricultural irrigation, farmers risk absorbing disease-causing bacteria, as do consumers who eat the produce raw and unwashed. Nearly 2.2 million people die each year because of diarrhea-related (與腹瀉相關(guān)的) diseases, according to WHO statistics.More than 80% of those cases can be attributed to contact with contaminated water and a lack of proper sanitation. But Pay Drechsel, an environmental scientist, argues that the social and economic benefits of using untreated human waste to grow food outweigh the health risks.
Those dangers can be addressed with farmer and consumer education, he said, while the free water and nutrients from human waste can help urban farmers in developing countries to escape poverty.
Agriculture is a water-intensive business, accounting for nearly 70% of global fresh water consumption.
In poor, dry regions, untreated waste water is the only viable irrigation source to keep fannersin business. In some cases, water is so scarce that farmers break open sewage pipes transporting waste to local rivers.
Irrigation is the primary agricultural use of human waste in the developing world. But frequently untreated human waste harvested from lavatories is delivered to farms and spread as fertilizer.
In most cases, the human waste is used on grain crops, which are eventually cooked,minimizing the risk of transmitting water-borne diseases. With fertilizer prices jumping nearly50% per metric ton over the last year in some places, human waste is an attractive, and often necessary, alternative.
In cases where sewage mud is used, expensive chemical fertilizer use can be avoided. The mud contains the same critical nutrients.
"Overly strict standards often fail," James Bartram, a WHO water-health expert, said. "We need to accept that fact across much of the planet, so waste with little or no treatment will be used in agriculture for good reason."
46. What does the author say about the use of raw sewage for farming?
A. Its risks cannot be overestimated.
B. It should be forbidden altogether.
C. Its benefits outweigh the hazards involved.
D. It is polluting millions of acres of cropland.
47. What is the main problem caused by the use of waste water for irrigation?
A. Rivers and lakes nearby will gradually become contaminated.
B. It will drive producers of chemical fertilizers out of business.
C. Farmers and consumers may be affected by harmful bacteria.
D. It will make the farm produce less competitive on the market.
48. What is environmental scientist Pay Drechsels attitude towards the use of untreated human waste in agriculture?
A. Favorable.
B. Skeptical.
C. Indifferent.
D. Responsible.
49. What does Pay Drechsel think of the risks involved in using untreated human waste for farming?
A. They have been somewhat exaggerated.
B. They can be dealt with through education.
C. They will be minimized with new technology.
D. They can be addressed by improved sanitation.
50. What do we learn about James Bartrams position on the use of human waste for farming?
A. He echoes Pay Drechsels opinion on the issue.
B. He challenges Liqa Raschid-Sallys conclusion.
C. He thinks it the only way out of the current food crisis.
D. He deems it indispensable for combating global poverty.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
These days, nobody needs to cook. Families graze on high-cholesterol take-ways and microwaved ready-meals. Cooking is an occasional hobby and a vehicle for celebrity chefs.Which makes it odd that the kitchen has become the heart of the modem house: what the great hall was to the medieval castle, the kitchen is to the 21st-century home.
The money spent on kitchens has risen with their status. In America the kitchen market is now worth $170 billion, five times the countrys film industry. In the year to August 2007, IKEA, a Swedish furniture chain, sold over one million kitchens worldwide. The average budget for a"major" kitchen overhaul in 2006, calculates Remodeling magazine, was a staggering$54,000; even a "minor" improvement cost on average $18,000.
Exclusivity, more familiar in the world of high fashion, has reached the kitchen: Robinson& Cornish, a British manufacturer of custom-made kitchens, offers a Georgian-style one which would cost ￡145,000-155,000—excluding building, plumbing and electrical work. Its big selling point is that nobody else will have it: "You wont see this kitchen anywhere else in the world."
The elevation of the room that once belonged only to the servants to that of design show case for the modem family tells the story of a century of social change. Right into the early 20thcentury, kitchens were smoky, noisy places, generally located underground, or to the back of the house, and as far from living space as possible. That was as it should be: kitchens were for servants, and the aspiring middle classes wanted nothing to do with them.
But as the working classes prospered and the servant shortage set in, housekeeping became a matter of interest to the educated classes. One of the pioneers of a radical new way of thinking about the kitchen was Catharine Esther Beecher, sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe. In American Womans Home, published in 1869, the Beecher sisters recommended a scientific approach to household management, designed to enhance the efficiency of a womans work and promote order.
Many contemporary ideas about kitchen design can be traced back to another American,Christine Frederick, who set about enhancing the efficiency of the housewife. Her 1919 work,Household Engineering: Scientific Management in the Home, was based on detailed observation of a housewifes daily routine. She borrowed the principle of efficiency on the factory floor and applied it to domestic tasks on the kitchen floor.
Fredericks central idea, that stove, sink and kitchen table must be placed in such a relation that useless steps are avoided entirely", inspired the first fully fitted kitchen, designed in the1920s by Margarete Schütter-Lihotsky. It was a modernist triumph, and many elements remain central features of todays kitchen.
51. What does the author say about the kitchen of today?
A. It is where housewives display their cooking skills.
B. It is where the family entertains important guests.
C. It has become something odd in a modem house.
D. It is regarded as the center of a modem home.
52. Why does the Georgian-style kitchen sell at a very high price?
A. It is believed to have tremendous artistic value.
B. No duplicate is to be found in any other place.
C. It is manufactured by a famous British company.
D. No other manufacturer can produce anything like it.
53. What does the change in the status of the kitchen reflect?
A. Improved living conditions.
B. Womens elevated status.
C. Technological progress.
D. Social change.
54. What was the Beecher sisters idea of a kitchen?
A. A place where women could work more efficiently.
B. A place where high technology could be applied.
C. A place of interest to the educated people.
D. A place to experiment with new ideas.
55. What do we learn about todays kitchen?
A. It represents the rapid technological advance in peoples daily life.
B. Many of its central features are no different from those of the 1920s.
C. It has been transformed beyond recognition.
D. Many of its functions have changed greatly.
閱讀參考答案
26 [A]空格位于句末,前面是副詞 naturally 和主語(yǔ) the question,因此應(yīng)填入不及物動(dòng)詞,充當(dāng)句子謂語(yǔ)。由 As 從句中 take on 所用的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),可知填入的動(dòng)詞應(yīng)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。上文提到人們懼怕機(jī)器人缺乏道德界限(without a moral compass),空格后是具體的問(wèn)題,因此本句應(yīng)表示問(wèn)題自然“出現(xiàn),引起”,故arises 符合要求。另一個(gè)第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)動(dòng)詞是 ascends“上升;攀登”,與 question 搭配不當(dāng)。
27[D]由空格前的 the 和空格后的 of 可知此處應(yīng)填入名詞。介詞 of 后是兩個(gè)并列的名詞結(jié)構(gòu):computational power“計(jì)算能力”和 engineering advances“工程學(xué)發(fā)展”。由此可知名詞中combination“結(jié)合體”符合語(yǔ)義邏輯。
28 [F]空格位于助動(dòng)詞 will 和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 enable 之間,故應(yīng)填入副詞。本句表示某物能夠降低殘疾人的家庭護(hù)理費(fèi)用。副詞中符合語(yǔ)義邏輯的是 eventually“終于,最終”。
29[O]空格在名詞 use 之前,故應(yīng)填入形空詞或分詞。本句的結(jié)構(gòu)是... use of driverless cars and countless... uses for robots,因此填入的詞與 countless“無(wú)數(shù)的”語(yǔ)義相關(guān),應(yīng)指運(yùn)用得“多”或“廣”,故填入widespread “廣泛的,普遍的”,指機(jī)器人最終將普遍運(yùn)用在無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)、家用和服務(wù)業(yè)等方面。
30[C]空格處應(yīng)填入分詞或形容詞,構(gòu)成 be... to 的搭配。上文提到機(jī)器人最終會(huì)普遍運(yùn)用,本句用 but 轉(zhuǎn)折,提到 problems“問(wèn)題”,接著下文列舉了具體的問(wèn)題,因此空格處填入 bound“肯定的,一定的”,指“問(wèn)題肯定會(huì)有”。
31 [H]空格前的 will 表明此處應(yīng)填入及物動(dòng)詞原形,與后面的名詞 privacy“隱私”構(gòu)成搭配。invade“入侵,侵犯”符合要求,指無(wú)人機(jī)可能會(huì)“侵犯”別人的隱私。
32 [N]空格在 the 和 of 之間,故應(yīng)填入名詞。本句指陪審團(tuán)對(duì)機(jī)器的……表示同情,會(huì)讓企業(yè)家受到懲罰。上文說(shuō)機(jī)器人會(huì)發(fā)生碰撞,無(wú)人機(jī)侵犯隱私,機(jī)器人割草機(jī)軋壓鄰居家的貓。這些都是機(jī)器的“受害者”,故victims “受害人,犧牲品”符合語(yǔ)義邏輯。
33 [J]空格前的 company-crushing 是復(fù)合形容詞,表示“令公司壓力大的,可摧毀公司的”,故應(yīng)填入與damages “賠償金”并列的名詞,形式上也是復(fù)數(shù),作 punish 的間接賓語(yǔ)。故 penalties“罰金”符合要求。
34 [K]空格前的 while 是連詞,故應(yīng)填入動(dòng)名詞形式。由賓語(yǔ) space“空間”,可知搭配恰當(dāng)?shù)氖莗reserving“保護(hù),保留”,句子意為:政府在給創(chuàng)新“保留”空間時(shí),應(yīng)該做些什么來(lái)保護(hù)人們呢?
35[L]空格與過(guò)去分詞 built 和 sold 并列,故也應(yīng)是表被動(dòng)的過(guò)去分詞形式。本句指大型復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)(systems)應(yīng)該由廠商創(chuàng)建……并銷(xiāo)售。符合語(yǔ)義邏輯、并與 systems 搭配的是 programmed“規(guī)劃”。
36 [F]【譯文】昂貴的醫(yī)保計(jì)劃會(huì)被征稅,因此大多數(shù)雇主可能會(huì)將用在醫(yī)保上的支出轉(zhuǎn)移到工資上來(lái)。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 tax,health insurance plans, money 和 wages 定位到 F 段。該段倒數(shù)第 3 句指出,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家預(yù)計(jì),大多數(shù)雇主會(huì)將用在醫(yī)保上的支出轉(zhuǎn)移到工資上來(lái)。題目中的 transfer money是原文 shift money 的同義轉(zhuǎn)述,expensive health insurance plans 與原文 expensive health benefits 對(duì)應(yīng),同時(shí)題目復(fù)現(xiàn)了原文的 wages 一詞,故答案為 F 段。
37[J]【譯文】國(guó)會(huì)將通過(guò)或者否決全部的改革措施,這樣說(shuō)客就很難對(duì)立法者產(chǎn)生影響。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 Changes,be approved or rejected as a whole 和 lawmakers 査找到 J段最后一句。該句指出,國(guó)會(huì)只能通過(guò)或者否決全部的改革措施,這樣一來(lái),狹隘的利益游說(shuō)集團(tuán)將很難迫使立法者順從他們的意愿。本題復(fù)現(xiàn)了原詞 changes 及 be approved or rejected as a whole,題目中的influence lawmakers 是對(duì)原文 bend lawmakers to their will 的同義轉(zhuǎn)述,故答案為 J 段。
38 [A]【譯文】美國(guó)醫(yī)療成本的上漲難以控制。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 not easy 和 the rising medical costs 可査找到 A 段第 3 句。該句指出,根本就不存在一個(gè)方案能夠輕易地控制醫(yī)療成本的增加。題目中的 not easy 是對(duì)原文 no one has an easy fix的同義轉(zhuǎn)述,故答案為 A 段。
39 [G]【譯文】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的自動(dòng)化處理流程可以幫助節(jié)省一大筆醫(yī)療開(kāi)支。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 standardization of forms for automatic processing 定位至 G 段。該段第 2、3 句提到,其行業(yè)集團(tuán)曾主動(dòng)為自動(dòng)化處理流程提供標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的表格。該舉措能在未來(lái)十年里節(jié)省上千億美元。題目是對(duì)原文這兩句的同義概括,故 G 段為答案。
40 [L]【譯文】共和黨和保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)設(shè)立公共醫(yī)保計(jì)劃。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 republicans and the insurance industry,strongly opposed 和 public insurance plan 定位到 L 段第 1 句。該句指出,由于保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)和共和黨批評(píng)者的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì),這個(gè)計(jì)劃可能無(wú)法節(jié)省太多的錢(qián)。題目復(fù)現(xiàn)了原詞 insurance industry 和 public plan,而 strongly opposed 是對(duì)原文 fierce opposition 的同義轉(zhuǎn)述,故 L 段為答案。
41 [H]【譯文】把紙質(zhì)病歷轉(zhuǎn)換為電子醫(yī)療記錄可以幫助篩除不必要的檢查,防止藥物相互作用。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 electronic records,redundant tests 和 drug interactions 定位到 H段。該段最后一句指出,電子醫(yī)療記錄將能篩除不必要的檢查、防止藥物相互作用、幫助醫(yī)生確定最佳治療方案,以實(shí)現(xiàn)節(jié)省成本。題目中的 conversion 對(duì)應(yīng)了原文的 convert,故答案為 H 段。
42 [C]【譯文】醫(yī)療服務(wù)的成本過(guò)高以及不必要的試驗(yàn)和診療推動(dòng)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的上漲。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 high cost,unnecessary tests and treatments 和 driven up 定位到 C段。本段指出,醫(yī)療費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)快的主要原因是醫(yī)療服務(wù)收費(fèi)過(guò)高以及醫(yī)院和醫(yī)生會(huì)給病人安排多余的診療項(xiàng)目。題目中的 high cost 對(duì)應(yīng)原文的 high prices, unnecessary tests and treatments 是對(duì)原文unnecessary care delivered... perform a lot more tests and treatments 的概括,而 driven up 對(duì)應(yīng)文中的 rises,所以答案為 C 段。
43[I]【譯文】導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療成本增加的一個(gè)主要因素是醫(yī)生是按提供診療的次數(shù)而非診療的效果收費(fèi)。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 main factor, the amount of care 和 effect 定位至 I 段第 1 句。該句指出,醫(yī)生的收入取決于提供服務(wù)的次數(shù)而非服務(wù)的質(zhì)量或者效果,這是醫(yī)療成本如此之高的主要原因。題目中main factor 與文中的 primary reason 同義,the amount 對(duì)應(yīng)原文的 the quantity,而 effect 對(duì)應(yīng)文中的 effectiveness,故答案為 I 段。
44[P]【譯文】與一些分析人士的懷疑態(tài)度不同,作者認(rèn)為能通過(guò)談判降低藥品價(jià)格。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 analysts doubts 和 negotiation 定位至 P 段。該段第 2、3 句指出,一些權(quán)威的分析人士質(zhì)疑部長(zhǎng)能達(dá)成比私人保險(xiǎn)公司更好的協(xié)議,但是作者表示相信談判能取得成效。題目中的analysts doubts 是對(duì)原文 analysts doubt that the secretary... already get 的概括,故正確答案為 P段。
45 [k]【譯文】公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)會(huì)促使保險(xiǎn)公司降低產(chǎn)品定價(jià)。
【定位解析】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 a strong incentive 和 insurers 定位到 K 段。該段最后一句指出,這種正面交鋒會(huì)促使醫(yī)保公司降低自家保險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)品的定價(jià)。題目中的 charge less 是對(duì)原文 lower their prices 的同義轉(zhuǎn)述,故 K 段為正確答案。
46 [C]【定位】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 the use of raw sewage for farming 可知是問(wèn)有關(guān)污水在農(nóng)業(yè)上使用的信息,考查的是考生對(duì)整體篇章的理解能力,定位到全文。
【解析】C 項(xiàng)“其利大于弊”是對(duì)第 2 段“那些健康危險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)不及社會(huì)效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)貢獻(xiàn)重要”的同義轉(zhuǎn)換,符合文意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不能被高估”和 B 項(xiàng)“應(yīng)完全禁止”在原文中無(wú)法找到依據(jù);D 項(xiàng)“正使許多農(nóng)田受到污染”,以原詞 cropland 作干擾,但原文說(shuō)的是用未經(jīng)處理的污水對(duì)大約 4900 萬(wàn)英畝農(nóng)田進(jìn)行灌溉和施肥,文中只是說(shuō)這種做法有健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn),不能直接得出結(jié)論“這些農(nóng)田被這些污水污染了”,因此 D 項(xiàng)屬過(guò)度推測(cè)。
47 [C]【定位】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 the use of waste water for irrigation 可定位至第 5 段。
【解析】本題詢問(wèn)污水灌溉導(dǎo)致的主要問(wèn)題,C 項(xiàng)“農(nóng)民和消費(fèi)者都可能受到有害細(xì)菌的影響”是對(duì)第 5 段首句的概括,符合文意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“附近的河流和湖泊都將逐漸受到污染”屬過(guò)度推斷,原文第 4 段第 2 句僅僅提到農(nóng)田的灌溉水主要源于當(dāng)?shù)氐暮恿骰蚝?原文雖有提及人們用人類(lèi)排泄物代替化學(xué)肥料,但無(wú)法證明 B 項(xiàng)“利用污水灌溉會(huì)使化肥產(chǎn)商倒閉”;D 項(xiàng)“利用污水灌溉會(huì)減少農(nóng)產(chǎn)品在市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力”屬于無(wú)中生有。
48[A]【定位】根據(jù)題干中的人名 Pay Drechsel 定位至第 5 段末句。
【解析】本題考查的是 Pay Drechsel 對(duì)將未經(jīng)處理的人類(lèi)排泄物用于農(nóng)業(yè)的態(tài)度,原文第 5 段末句提到他認(rèn)為使用未經(jīng)處理的人類(lèi)排泄物灌溉農(nóng)田所帶來(lái)的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比其帶來(lái)的健康危害重要。說(shuō)明他支持這一做法,A 項(xiàng)“贊同的”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】詢問(wèn)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的題目宜采用直選法,考生需準(zhǔn)確感知人物觀點(diǎn)。B 項(xiàng)“懷疑的”、C 項(xiàng)“冷漠的”以及 D 項(xiàng)“負(fù)責(zé)的”在文中皆無(wú)依據(jù)證明。
49 [B]【定位】根據(jù)題干中的人名 Pay Drechsel 及 the risks 定位至第 6 段。
【解析】本題考查的是 Pay Drechsel 對(duì)未經(jīng)處理的人類(lèi)排泄物用于農(nóng)業(yè)帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的看法,第六段開(kāi)頭提到這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以通過(guò)教育農(nóng)民和消費(fèi)者來(lái)解決,B 項(xiàng)的 dealt with 是原句 addressed 的同義轉(zhuǎn)述,B 項(xiàng)“可通過(guò)教育規(guī)避其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”是正確答案。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有些被夸大”、C 項(xiàng)“利用新科技可使其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最小化”和 D 項(xiàng)“其風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可通過(guò)改進(jìn)衛(wèi)生條件來(lái)規(guī)避”都不是 Pay Drechsel 對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的看法。
50 [A]【定位】根據(jù)題干中的人名 James Bartram 定位至最后一段的最后一句。
【解析】本題考查的是 James Bartram 對(duì)人類(lèi)排泄物用于農(nóng)業(yè)的觀點(diǎn),原文最后他說(shuō)稍加處理或沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)處理的排泄物用于農(nóng)業(yè)是有充分理由的,可見(jiàn)他認(rèn)為將人類(lèi)排泄物用于農(nóng)業(yè)有其存在的合理性。而從原文第 5 段可知,Pay Drechsel 認(rèn)為盡管這種做法有危害,但是它帶來(lái)的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比其危害更重要。因此 A 項(xiàng)“在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上他和 Pay Drechsel 的觀點(diǎn)一致”為正確答案。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】原文第 3 段提到 Liqa Raschid-Sally 認(rèn)為污水灌溉利弊共存,James Bartram 也只是承認(rèn)了有其存在的合理性而已,因此 B 項(xiàng)“他挑戰(zhàn) Iiqa Raschid-Sally 的結(jié)論”錯(cuò)誤。C 項(xiàng)“他認(rèn)為這是擺脫當(dāng)前糧食危機(jī)的唯一方法”和 D 項(xiàng)“他認(rèn)為這是戰(zhàn)勝全球貧困所必需都不是 James Bartram 的觀點(diǎn),故排除。
51 [D]【定位】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 the kitchen of today 定位至第 1 段末句。
【解析】第 1 段末句提到廚房已成為現(xiàn)代家居的核心,D 項(xiàng)的 the center of a modem home 是原句 the heart of the modern house 的同義轉(zhuǎn)述,表明 D 項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)在廚房被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代家居的核心”為答案。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】原文第 1 句提到現(xiàn)代人們無(wú)須下廚,因此 A 項(xiàng)“廚房是主婦展示廚藝的場(chǎng)所”與原文意思剛好相反;B 項(xiàng)“廚房是款待重要賓客的場(chǎng)所”在原文中沒(méi)有提及;原文提到廚房已成為現(xiàn)代家居的核心的現(xiàn)象很奇怪,而不是說(shuō)廚房本身奇怪,故排除 C 項(xiàng)。
52 [B]【定位】根據(jù)題目關(guān)鍵詞 the Georgian-style kitchen 定位至第 3 段。
【解析】本題考查的是喬治王時(shí)代風(fēng)格的廚房定價(jià)高的原因,第 3 段末句提到其主要賣(mài)點(diǎn)在于絕無(wú)僅有,你不會(huì)在世界其他地方見(jiàn)到這種廚房。B 項(xiàng)“不可能在世界其他地方找到復(fù)制品”為答案。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“據(jù)說(shuō)有極高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值”在原文中并未提及;C 項(xiàng)“由一家著名的英國(guó)公司制造”在文中雖有提及,但不是定價(jià)高的原因;D 項(xiàng)“其他的制造商都無(wú)法制造類(lèi)似的廚房”屬于易混淆項(xiàng),但是原文說(shuō)的是它的賣(mài)點(diǎn)在其他人買(mǎi)不到相同的,至于說(shuō)制造商能否仿制,我們無(wú)法得知。
53 [D]【定位】根據(jù)題干中 the change in the status of the kitchen 定位至第 4 段第 1 句。
【解析】本題考查的是廚房地位的變化反映了什么,原文第 4 段第 1 句講到廚房曾經(jīng)只屬于仆人,而今演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)代家庭的設(shè)計(jì)展示間,這講述了一個(gè)世紀(jì)的社會(huì)變革,D 項(xiàng)正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“生活水平提高了”、B 項(xiàng)“女性地位的提高”和 C 項(xiàng)“技術(shù)進(jìn)步”在原文都沒(méi)有直接提及,屬于主觀臆測(cè),故均排除。
54 [A]【定位】根據(jù)題干中的人名 Beecher sisters 定位至第 5 段末句。
【解析】本題考查比徹姊妹對(duì)廚房的看法,第 5 段末句講到比徹姐妹推介了一種家庭管理的科學(xué)方法,旨在提高婦女的工作效率,A 項(xiàng)是對(duì)原文意思的高度概括,故為答案。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B 項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為廚房是可以應(yīng)用高科技的場(chǎng)所”無(wú)中生有;C 項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為廚房是知識(shí)分子感興趣的場(chǎng)所”,這一信息雖在第 5 段首句有提到,但并不是比徹姊妹的看法,而是作者的觀點(diǎn);第 5 段第 2 句提到該姊妹中的一人以激進(jìn)的新方式對(duì)廚房進(jìn)行思考,她思考的是怎樣提高家務(wù)效率,而不是試驗(yàn)新想法,因此 D項(xiàng)“認(rèn)為廚房是實(shí)驗(yàn)新想法的場(chǎng)所”錯(cuò)誤。
55 [B]【定位】根據(jù)題干可知本題考查的是對(duì)文章的整體感知理解能力,定位到全文。
【解析】原文提到 20 世紀(jì) 20 年代由瑪格麗特設(shè)計(jì)的第一個(gè)配備齊全的廚房中,許多元素依然是今日廚房的中心特色,說(shuō)明現(xiàn)代廚房的許多核心特色和 20 世紀(jì) 20 年代都具有相似性,因此 B 項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代廚房的許多核心特色和 20 世紀(jì) 20 年代相比并無(wú)差別”正確。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A 項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代廚房象征人們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪锌焖俚募夹g(shù)進(jìn)步”和 C 項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代廚房變得面目全非”在原文中均無(wú)提及。D 項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代廚房的許多功能有很大改變”與原文最后一段末句意思剛好相反。
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