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高考英語細節(jié)理解題的解題思路及技巧
在近年高考閱讀理解試題中，細節(jié)題占有很大的比例。一般來說，此類題目屬直接解答性問題，是閱讀理解題中最簡單的一種，多數(shù)屬于中低難度的送分題。但由于所占的比例很大，應(yīng)特別引起我們的注意。本文將以備考中出現(xiàn)的有典型意義的實例來總結(jié)此類題目的特點、解題思路及技巧。
一、考查的要點及命題的特點和形式
高考細節(jié)理解題主要考查考生對文章（或某一段落）中某一些特定細節(jié)或文章的重要事實的理解能力，一般包括直接理解題（在原文中可直接找到答案）及語義轉(zhuǎn)化題（需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達上的差異，有時需要進行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論。）此類題目的出題形式很多。例如：
Which of the following statements is true／ false？ Which of the following is mentioned／not mentioned？
The writer states．．． The author mentions that．．．
What time does the writer think is．．．？ How many／How much／Where／How／Why．．．？
二、解題思路及處理技巧
對此類題型，考生可以首先從問題中找到關(guān)鍵詞，然后以此為線索，運用略讀及查閱的技巧在文中迅速尋找這一細節(jié)，找到后再把這一部分內(nèi)容仔細閱讀一遍，仔細比較所給選項與文中細節(jié)一點一滴的區(qū)別，在準確理解細節(jié)的前提下，最后確定最佳答案。
要快速地辨認和記憶事實或細節(jié)，就需要恰當?shù)厥褂貌殚喌姆椒凹记�。查閱是讀者對材料有所熟悉的情況下進行的，它的特點是帶著問題去尋找答案，它往往與略讀綜合使用，其具體方法與步驟如下：
�、� 略讀材料，大概了解原文，掌握其中心或主旨。
② 按文章的體裁，作者寫作的組織模式及有關(guān)的信息詞，如for example，first，second．．．等預(yù)測應(yīng)該到何處尋找自己所需要的事實。
③ 將自己精力放在尋找你所需要的細節(jié)上，快速通篇跳讀，眼睛自左至右，自上而下呈Z形掃視，直到找到細節(jié)出處，待找到含細節(jié)句子時，就要放慢速度，仔細核對比較內(nèi)容，直至找到答案。
三、細節(jié)理解的主要特點及典型失誤 細節(jié)理解題往往有如下一些特點：
1對應(yīng)性：此類題的正確答案應(yīng)與文中的細節(jié)一一對應(yīng)，而不能是在未經(jīng)查閱找到細節(jié)點的出處時，就冒然依照自己的理解答題，也不能在細節(jié)對應(yīng)還模糊不清的時候，就一錘定音。例如：
The World Trade Center was hit by two planes and it fell in a short time later on September 11th．
Here is some hijacking（劫持）information．
American and United airlines both said two of their planes had been hijacked and crashed（墜毀）．
American said its planes were carrying a total of 156people．One was a Boston-Los Angeles flight．An FBI man said the former，a Boeing 767，hit one of the Trade Center towers；the latter，a Boeing 757，hit the Pentagon．
Two United airliners with a total of 110 aboard also crashed—a Boeing 757outside Pittsburgh，the other，a Boeing 767，into the Trade Center．
Question： What kind of planes hit the World Trade Center？
A．A Boeing 757and a Boeing 767． B．Two planes both Boeing 757．
C．Two planes both Boeing 767． D．Two planes from New York．
解析：許多學(xué)生看了第4段就開始做題了，他們在Pentagon（五角大樓）意義不清時（即細節(jié)對應(yīng)尚還模糊的時候）就判定此段中一架Boeing767及一架Boeing 757為撞擊大樓的飛機，從而選擇了A項。而依據(jù)下一段中的“the other，a Boeing 767，into the Trade Centre．”不難看出答案應(yīng)為C。
2準確性：準確性是細節(jié)理解題的核心要求。最近幾年高考試題中此類題更多地傾向于將題目中的信息與原文有關(guān)細節(jié)信息進行語義
高中英語語法-高中英語語法重點難點回顧之三
高中英語語法重點難點回顧之三
little,no,some, 等修飾。
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
3.先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時。
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
4.先行詞既有人又有物時。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
先行詞是表示地點時,要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。
This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
用no sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動詞一般用過去完成時,從句用過去時;而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞had提到前面。例如：Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
代詞作主語時,主謂語序不變。Here it is. Here he comes.
當句首狀語為表示地點的介詞詞組時也常常引起全部倒裝。
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
表語置于句首時,倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動詞+主語”。
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.
部分倒裝
用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句。Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.
5.用于“形容詞(或名詞、動詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中。例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever.
Try as he would, he might fail again.
如果從句的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等詞開頭的句子。
Never shall I do this again.
Little did he know who the woman was.
4.用于以only開頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句時)。Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.
Only in this way can you master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
如果only后面的詞組不是狀語,則不用倒裝。
Only Wang Ling knows this.
用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed!祝你成功!
stomach－stomachs，a German－three Germans,
an American－two Americans，man cook - men cooks;
papers 報紙, 文件 manners禮貌 drinks飲料
in a word 簡言之?in other words 換句話說
have words with 與某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with sb.與某人說幾句話
The crowd were running for their lives．
某些集體名詞, 如people, police, cattle等, 只當復(fù)數(shù)看待, 謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。The police are searching for him.
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