halloween has always been a holiday filled with mystery, magic and superstition. it began as a celtic end-of-summer festival during which people felt especially close to deceased relatives and friends. for these friendly spirits, they set places at the dinner table, left treats on doorsteps and along the side of the road and lit candles to help loved ones find their way back to the spirit world.

today's halloween ghosts are often depicted as more fearsome and malevolent, and our customs and superstitions are scarier too. we avoid crossing paths with black cats, afraid that they might bring us bad luck. this idea has its roots in the middle ages, when many people believed that witches avoided detection by turning themselves into cats. we try not to walk under ladders for the same reason. this superstition may have come from the ancient egyptians, who believed that triangles were sacred; it also may have something to do with the fact that walking under a leaning ladder tends to be fairly unsafe. and around halloween, especially, we try to avoid breaking mirrors, stepping on cracks in the road or spilling salt.

but what about the halloween traditions and beliefs that today's trick-or-treaters have forgotten all about? many of these obsolete rituals focused on the future instead of the past and the living instead of the dead. in particular, many had to do with helping young women identify their future husbands and reassuring them that they would someday--with luck, by next halloween!--be married.

in 18th-century ireland, a matchmaking cook might bury a ring in her mashed potatoes on halloween night, hoping to bring true love to the diner who found it. in scotland, fortune-tellers recommended that an eligible young woman name a hazelnut for each of her suitors and then toss the nuts into the fireplace. the nut that burned to ashes rather than popping or exploding, the story went, represented the girl's future husband. (in some versions of this leg