Suburbanization
郊區(qū)化
If by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interior, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart.
如果"郊區(qū)"指的是比已建好的城市內(nèi)部發(fā)展更為迅速的城市邊緣地帶,那么郊區(qū)化在1825年至1850年工業(yè)化城市出現(xiàn)期間就開始了。在這之前,城市只是高度密集的小聚居群,在這里人們靠步行走動,商品靠馬車運送。
But the early factories built in the 1830's and 1840's were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, the factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cities appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New York.
但是建于18世紀(jì)三四十年代的早期工廠位于城邊的航道和鐵路附近,而被工作前景吸引到這里的成千上萬的人們需要住房。漸漸地,在與舊有的主要城區(qū)相毗鄰的地方,不斷涌現(xiàn)出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人聚居區(qū),包圍了工廠。作為對這種侵蝕的自衛(wèi),也為了擴大稅基,城市吞并了工業(yè)化的臨近地帶,比如1854年費城的城區(qū)就兼并了費縣的絕大部分地區(qū)。相似的城市化也發(fā)生在芝加哥和紐約。
Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the communities along their borders. With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social stress -- conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commercially successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fostering a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis.
事實上,今天很多美國的`大城市就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區(qū)而變成大都會的。隨著工業(yè)化的加速發(fā)展,城市里出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重?fù)頂D和隨之而來的社會壓力。當(dāng)1888年第一條商業(yè)化成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來時,壓力開始接近危機的程度。幾年之內(nèi),馬車就被廢棄了,電車網(wǎng)相互交織連接著各個重要的城區(qū),從而形成了一種郊區(qū)化的潮流,即密集的工業(yè)城市轉(zhuǎn)變成了分散的都市。
This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence of the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging inner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.
此時城市中產(chǎn)階級的出現(xiàn)進一步加強了第一波大規(guī)模郊區(qū)化。 這些中產(chǎn)階級希望在遠(yuǎn)離老舊城市的地區(qū)擁有住宅,單一家庭住宅地區(qū)的開發(fā)者滿足了他們的愿望。