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高考英語說明文閱讀技巧
“英語說明文”，顧名思義，就是一種以“說明、解釋”為主要表達(dá)方式的英語文體。它是對(duì)客觀事物的性狀、特點(diǎn)、功能和用途等等做科學(xué)解說的。它既不像故事那樣重在情節(jié)的敘述和描寫，也不像議論文那樣，重在闡明主張和論點(diǎn)論據(jù)；更不像科幻作品那樣富于想象和虛構(gòu)夸張。說明文是通過解說事物、闡明事理，使人們?cè)鲩L(zhǎng)知識(shí)和技能。說明文是高考英語閱讀理解題中的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容之一。說明文具有與自己特點(diǎn)相適應(yīng)的說明方法，因此說明文結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，專業(yè)術(shù)語多，易于拉開考生分?jǐn)?shù)檔次，便于高校分層次選拔人才。然而對(duì)于考生來說說明文抽象度高，解題難度增大了。高考對(duì)說明文的考查多為科普知識(shí)，動(dòng)植物特性、自然現(xiàn)象和新產(chǎn)品、新工藝介紹以及人文地理、風(fēng)土人情等方面的說明文，文中解釋性、定義性、說明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握說明文的命題特點(diǎn)，敘述方式，以冷靜的心態(tài)閱讀原文，重點(diǎn)突破長(zhǎng)句結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和邏輯關(guān)系，以便對(duì)其做出準(zhǔn)確的語意理解。
一、說明文閱讀理解的特征
一般說來，英語說明文與其它文體一樣，文章所涉及的內(nèi)容不外乎以下幾個(gè)方面，即Who→What→When→Where→How→Why。
1. Who：?jiǎn)柕氖沁@篇文章的主體是誰？（即所要說明和描述的人或事物）
2. What：?jiǎn)柕氖侵黧w做了什么事情？（即主體表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）
3. When和Where：是在何時(shí)何地發(fā)生的？（即何時(shí)何地所表現(xiàn)出的特性、功能和用途）
4. How：通過什么方式表現(xiàn)出來的？
5. Why：這種特性功能用途的原因是什么？
做說明文閱讀閱讀的時(shí)候，一定要記住上面的Wh-word。邊閱讀，邊搜記，牢記要點(diǎn)，把握全文。
二、說明文閱讀理解的類型
掌握說明文閱讀理解題的類型對(duì)考生來說非常有必要。一般來說，高考對(duì)閱讀理解的命題類型主要有以下幾種：
1. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題
說明文中考查的細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致與記敘文相似。命題區(qū)域都有其共同點(diǎn)。⑴在列舉處命題。如用First(1y)、Second(1y)、Third(1y)Finally、not only…but also、then、in addition等表示順承關(guān)系的詞語列舉出事實(shí)。試題要求考生從列舉出的內(nèi)容中選出符合題干要求的答案項(xiàng)。⑵在例證處命題。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引導(dǎo)的短語或句子作為例證，這些例句或比喻就成為命題者設(shè)問的焦點(diǎn)。⑶在轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比處命題。一般通過however、but、yet、in fact等詞語來引導(dǎo)。對(duì)比用unlike、until、not so much…as等詞語引導(dǎo)，命題者常對(duì)用來對(duì)比的雙方屬性進(jìn)行考查。⑷在比較處命題。無端的比較、
相反的比較、偷換對(duì)象的比較，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在干擾項(xiàng)中，考生要標(biāo)記并且關(guān)注到原文中的比較，才能順利地排除干擾。⑸在復(fù)雜句中命題。包括同位詞、插入語、定語、從句、不定式等，命題者主要考查考生對(duì)句子之間的指代關(guān)系和語法關(guān)系。
細(xì)節(jié)類問題一般都能在原文中找到出處，只要仔細(xì)就可以在文中找到答案。但正確的選擇項(xiàng)不可能與閱讀材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的語句成句型表達(dá)相同的意思。
2. 語義猜測(cè)題 說明文為了把自然規(guī)律，事物的性質(zhì)等介紹清楚或把事理闡述明白，因此學(xué)術(shù)性強(qiáng)的生詞較多，所以常進(jìn)行生詞詞義判斷題的考查。命題方式多以The underlined part “…” in Paragraph…refers to….或What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word?為設(shè)問方式。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀原文，分析其對(duì)某些科學(xué)原理是如何定義、如何解釋的，并以此為突破口抽象概括出生詞詞義。也可以通過上下文來猜測(cè)某個(gè)陌生詞語的語意�；蛘哒页瞿硞�(gè)詞語在文章中的同義詞。要注意破折號(hào)、同位語從句、定語從句、插入句等具有解釋、說明作用的語言成分。說明文在闡述說明對(duì)象時(shí)易發(fā)生動(dòng)作變換、人稱轉(zhuǎn)變的現(xiàn)象，這類題目常以 it，they，them 等代詞為命題點(diǎn)，因此考生要根據(jù)上下文語境，認(rèn)真閱讀原文，分析動(dòng)作轉(zhuǎn)換背景，弄清動(dòng)作不同執(zhí)行者，以便準(zhǔn)確判斷代詞的其實(shí)際指代對(duì)象。
3. 主旨理解題
說明文常用文章大意判斷題考查考生對(duì)通篇文意的理解。即對(duì)文章的主題或中心意思的概括和歸納。主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體理解能力。命題形式常以This passage mainly talks about ____.What is the main idea of the passage?為設(shè)問方式。這種試題多以This passage mainly talks about the major
surprising findings about….為回答方法。答題時(shí)首先閱讀題干，掌握問題的類型，了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息，然后有針對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀，對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比，有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。
4. 判斷推理題。
這種試題常以The passage is intended to...(2) The author suggests that...(3) The story implies that…(4) Which point of view may the author agree to?(5) From the passage we can conclude that...(6) The purpose of the passage is to...為設(shè)問方式。這種題型的答案在原文中不是直接就能找到的，它要求考生進(jìn)行合理的推斷。如因果關(guān)系，文中的某些用詞、語氣也往往具有隱含意義，考生要將這種含義讀出來。說明文常出現(xiàn)圖示判斷題，這種試題可以事物之間正確的依賴關(guān)系為命題點(diǎn)，要求考生判斷其正確的流程順序相互關(guān)系等�？忌欢ㄒJ(rèn)真閱讀原文，并對(duì)照原文介紹的情況，弄清圖示的差異，根據(jù)題干需要最終做出正確判斷。如：動(dòng)物介紹性說明文常出現(xiàn)動(dòng)物能力判斷題，考查考生對(duì)特定動(dòng)物所具有能力的判斷。解題時(shí)考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀原文對(duì)動(dòng)物形態(tài)活動(dòng)能力的判斷，了解動(dòng)物的生存環(huán)境和是否會(huì)使用工具，是否善于爬行、飛翔和游泳等。
觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題也是判斷推理題考查的內(nèi)容之一。說明文的對(duì)象為客觀事實(shí),但設(shè)題以議論的表達(dá)方式抒發(fā)對(duì)該說明對(duì)象的想法。如對(duì)某種新發(fā)明的贊賞,或?qū)δ硞�(gè)事物的批判。這類題目常見的題干表達(dá)方式有"What was the author?s attitude towards ...?" 等。
【實(shí)例探究】 Northwest China is part of the sandstorm centre in Central Asia. Sandstorms begin in desert areas. Sandstorms in China appear to have increased in recent years as a result of "desertification". This is a process that happens when land becomes desert because of climate changes and because people cut down trees and dig up grass.
【問題設(shè)計(jì)】
According to the passage which is NOT likely to cause "desertification"?
A. Climate changes. B. Cutting down trees.
C. Digging up grass. D. Saving water.
【試題簡(jiǎn)析】
這是一道推理判斷與詞匯語義相結(jié)合的題目,題目問根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容,以下哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)不太可能會(huì)引起 "desertification"。"desertification"是生僻詞匯,但通過文中"This is a process that happens when land becomes desert because
of climate changes and because people cut down trees and dig up grass."對(duì)這個(gè)詞的解釋,同學(xué)們可以得知,氣候變化、砍伐樹木和破壞草地都能夠?qū)е?quot;desertification",而選項(xiàng)D節(jié)約用水顯然不在此解釋中, 因此答案選D。
三、說明文閱讀理解的步驟
1. 通讀全文。說明文的篇幅一般在500單詞左右，原文一般沒有題目，這給我們把握文章主旨造成一定困難。做題目之前一定要通讀全文，迅速形成整體印象，初步了解主要信息。每讀完一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句或段落之后，可以在自己的頭腦中“復(fù)述”一遍，以加深印象。在通讀全文時(shí)，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)留意每段的首句，因?yàn)槭拙浯蠖嘟沂玖吮径蔚闹黝}（即topic sentence），常常與全文主旨密切相關(guān)。把握首句可以用很短的時(shí)間獲得許多重要的信息。
2. 細(xì)讀試題。對(duì)材料有了總體印象后，應(yīng)對(duì)試題仔細(xì)推敲題意，弄清題目要求，即從內(nèi)容上弄清是“關(guān)于什么”的選擇，再就是要明確“選對(duì)還是選錯(cuò)”。
3. 題文對(duì)應(yīng)。說明文答題有一個(gè)基本原則，答案往往就在原材料中。為此，必須根據(jù)題意，從原材料中找出與各個(gè)選項(xiàng)相對(duì)應(yīng)的句段，并從這些句段中提取有效信息，找準(zhǔn)已知條件，作為解題的依據(jù)。這是答題的關(guān)鍵。
4. 篩選答案。即緊扣題干的要求，根據(jù)有效信息來篩選答案。
【實(shí)例探究】
（2009年四川高考題）EAT YOUR VEGETABLES. Wash your hands. Always say “please” and “thank you”. We are full of advice for our children, but when it comes to money, we often have little to say. As a result, our children may grow up with clean hands and good manners, but without any idea how to manage their money.
Here are some basics that will help guide them their entire lives： Show them the future. If your 13-year-old girl were to save $1，000, invest (投資) it at 8% and add $100 every month, by the time she?s 65,she would have $980,983!
Be careful of credit (信用). Credit cards can help you buy necessary things and build a credit history, but they must be used responsibly, which means paying off your debt in time. Explain to your children that when you buy something using a credit card, you can easily end up paying two or three times what you would have paid if you used cash.
Teach patience. Suppose your child wants a new bicycle that costs $150. Rather than paying the cash, give him some regular pocket money and explain that by putting aside, say, $15 each week, he will be able to buy it for himself in only ten weeks.
every dollar he or she agrees to save and invest rather than spend, you
agree to add another dollar to the pot,” says Cathy Pareto, expert in money planning.
Explain your values. Values and money are deeply intertwined, says Eilleen Gallo, co-author of The Financially Intelligent Parent. When your child demands that you buy something, explain why you really don?t want to buy it. “You might say, ?I?d rather save that money for your education,?” advises Gallo. Every time you spend or don?t spend money, you have a chance to share your values.
【文章大意】 本文是教育、指導(dǎo)子女如何理財(cái)?shù)纳畛ＷR(shí)說明文。通讀全文，文章從投資、儲(chǔ)蓄、使用信用卡到激勵(lì)和價(jià)值觀等方面，讓子女學(xué)會(huì)節(jié)約和理財(cái)，為人生做準(zhǔn)備。
【問題設(shè)計(jì)】 1 . The writer gives some basics to help ______ in a proper way.
A. parents teach their children how to deal with money
B. children follow their parents? instructions
C. children manage their money
D. parents save their money
2 .The writer thinks that, if a child wants to buy something, his parents should ______.
A. give him some regular pocket money
B. encourage him to put money away for it
C. explain to him the importance of investment
D. tell him to save some money by using a credit card
3.The underlined word “incentive” in paragraph 6 means ______.
A. honor B. praise
C. excitementD. encouragement 4.What leads the writer to write this article?
A. Parents want to know how to educate their children.
B. He wants to share his good ideas about money matters.
C. He thinks money management the most important for children.
D. Parents care little about their children?s management of money.
【試題簡(jiǎn)析】
第1題選A. 屬于“主旨考查題”。本文是針對(duì)家長(zhǎng)寫的，是讓家長(zhǎng)如何教育子女處理錢財(cái)?shù)�。而不是其他�?/p>
第2題選B. 屬于“細(xì)節(jié)理解題”。注意，題目問的是作者的觀點(diǎn)是什么，從最后一段“你的價(jià)值觀”中可以找到答案。
第3題選D. 屬于“語義考查題”。incentive 的詞義可以從該段落講的內(nèi)容中進(jìn)行推測(cè)：告訴孩子儲(chǔ)蓄的重要性，他（她）每省下一美元，你再獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)他（她）一美元。這顯然是一種“激勵(lì)”措施。
第4題選D. 屬于“判斷推理題”。該題問的是，是什么促使作者寫這篇文章？也就是說寫本文的原因是什么？很明顯，正是因?yàn)樵S多父母對(duì)子女的“理財(cái)問題”漠不關(guān)心使然。
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