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介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)知識(shí)
介詞又稱作前置詞，表示名詞、代詞等與句中其他詞的關(guān)系，在句中不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。下面，小編為大家分享介詞和介詞短語(yǔ)知識(shí)，快來(lái)看看吧!
◆常用介詞的基本用法
(1)表時(shí)間的介詞
1)at, in on
at ：多用于表示具體的鐘點(diǎn)時(shí)刻前或固定搭配at noon, at midnight, at night, at lunchtime。 in: 用于表示在某個(gè)世紀(jì)，某年，某月，某個(gè)季節(jié)以及一天的上午，下午，晚上，如：in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in May, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。
用于表示“從現(xiàn)在起，多久以后”，如in an hour
on: 表示在具體的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上時(shí), 如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2) since, after
由since 和after 引導(dǎo)的詞組都可表示從過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)開(kāi)始的時(shí)段，但since 詞組表示的時(shí)段一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻，因而往往要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。而after 詞組所表示的時(shí)段純系過(guò)去，因而要與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。例如：
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
3) in, after
in 與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí)，表示“過(guò)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。after 與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí)，后面只能跟表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。after 與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí)，后面才能跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。例如：
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
4) before 在...... 以前
During 在...... 期間，“during +時(shí)間段”與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用表示某期間的動(dòng)作
By “by+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”表示“到...... 以前為止”
From 說(shuō)明開(kāi)始的時(shí)間
For “for+時(shí)間段”，常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用
(2)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞
1)at, in, on
at 一般指小地方;in 一般指大地方或某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi);on 往往表示“在某個(gè)物體的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2) over, above, on
over, on和above 都可表示“在……上面”，但具體含義不同。Over 表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反義詞是under 。 above 也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反義詞是below 。On 指兩個(gè)物體表面接觸，一個(gè)在另一的上面。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
3)表示方位的in /on / to
in 表示A 地在B 地范圍之內(nèi).(包含關(guān)系) Tanwan is _in___ the southeast of China . on 表示A,B 地接壤.(外切關(guān)系) Hubei is __on__ the north of Hunan .
to 表示A,B 兩地有一定的間距.(外離關(guān)系) Japan is __to___ the east of China .
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某個(gè)范圍以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某個(gè)范圍以內(nèi)。例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
◆常用介詞的用法辨析
(1) after和behind 區(qū)別
after 表示時(shí)間、位置之后
behind 只表示位置之后
(2) between / among 在……之間
1.between :指兩者之間. 在…….之間.
2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之間. 在……之中.
(3) with / in / by 表示 “用……”
with 表示 “用…” 一般指用具體有形的工具.
He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife .
注: with 表伴隨, “帶有, 含有”
He came in _____ a big smile on his face .
in 表示用某種語(yǔ)言, 方式, 途徑. 或書(shū)寫(xiě)/繪畫(huà)所用的材料.
Can you say it _____English ?
He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .
by 表示方式，方法
I study for a test _____ working with a group .
He makes a living ____ selling newspapers .
(4) across / through / over / by 經(jīng)過(guò)
1.across 指橫穿, 穿過(guò). 表示從...... 表面上經(jīng)過(guò).
2.through 指穿過(guò), 透過(guò), 表示從某一物體空間內(nèi)通過(guò).
3.over 表示從某人或某物的上空經(jīng)過(guò)或越過(guò), 不與表面接觸.
4.by 表示從某人/某物的旁邊經(jīng)過(guò).
Can you swim across the river ?
The elephant is so big that it can’ t go through the gate
I don’ t think anyone can jump over the fence.
I walked by the bank of China yesterday .
(5) for, to和towards 的區(qū)別
for 常用在leave ，start 后，表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向和目的，如leave for Beijing
to 常用在go, come, return,move等詞之后，如return to school
towards 意為“朝，向”，只是說(shuō)明運(yùn)動(dòng)的方向，沒(méi)有“到達(dá)”之意，如walk towards us
(6) but, besides和except 區(qū)別
But 表示“除...... 之外”，常與表否定意義的詞連用，如We can do nothing but wait. Besides 表示“除...... 之外(還有)”，意思是在原有基礎(chǔ)上加上besides 除外的人或物 Except 表示“除...... 之外”，指從整體中排除except 所接的人或物
◆其它介詞的用法：
(1) like
1). 像/和……一樣. 常與系動(dòng)詞連用. 詞組: look like , sound like
(2) off
1). 從……下來(lái), 脫離某物體. 詞組: fall off
2).“休假”通常放在時(shí)間名詞之后. 詞組: have +時(shí)間+ off
He hasn’t had a night off for two hours .
(3) with / without
with 具有, 含有
without 沒(méi)有
(4) against
1) 表示“反對(duì)”、“違背”之意. 如：
They are strongly against the idea.他們強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)這個(gè)意見(jiàn).
What have you done is against the law.你所做的事情是違法的.
2) 表示“撞擊”、“碰著”之意. 如：
Tom hit his head against a tree in the dark.黑暗中湯姆的頭撞在一棵樹(shù)上.
3) 表示“倚在”、“緊靠”之意. 如：
Place the ladder against the wall.把梯子靠在墻上.
(5) inside / outside
inside 在……里面
outside 在….外
(6)表示 “數(shù)量的介詞”
about , around表示 “大約……”
over 表示 “超過(guò)”= more than.
(7) in the wall /on the wall
in the wall 表示“門窗在墻上”
on the wall 表示“某東西張貼或掛在墻上”
(8) on the tree /in the tree
on the tree 表示 “樹(shù)上本身長(zhǎng)的東西” 在樹(shù)上.
in the tree 表示 “外界的物體進(jìn)入樹(shù)中” 人或物在樹(shù)上.
(9) be made +介詞的區(qū)別:
be made of 由…制成 (看得見(jiàn)原材料)
be made from由…制成 (看不見(jiàn)原材料)
be made in +地點(diǎn) 由哪兒生產(chǎn)
be made by sb. 由某人制造
Be made up of 由...... 組成
◆介詞短語(yǔ)
介詞和動(dòng)詞、形容詞或名詞相結(jié)合后，形成復(fù)合詞，有特定的意思。如下：
(1) 動(dòng)詞+介詞(如：talk about，look at)
(2) Be 動(dòng)詞+形容詞+介詞(如：be kind of)
(3) 介詞+名詞(如：at home，on foot，in time)
�、� 動(dòng)詞+介詞
要區(qū)別“動(dòng)詞+介詞”和“動(dòng)詞+副詞”的短語(yǔ)，前者的賓語(yǔ)只可接在介詞之后，后者當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)為名詞時(shí)可放在副詞前或后，當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)為代詞時(shí)只可放在動(dòng)詞和副詞之前
�、� Be動(dòng)詞+形容詞+介詞
be kind to對(duì)(某人)親切; be good at在……做得好;擅長(zhǎng)于……
be late for遲到; be afraid of害怕;
be absent from缺席; be proud of以……為自豪;
be fond of 喜歡 be full of 充滿
be interested in 對(duì)…有興趣 be confident in 對(duì)…有信心
be short of 缺乏
be tired of討厭……/厭倦…… be loyal to 對(duì)…忠誠(chéng)
be worried about 為…擔(dān)心 be busy with 忙于(某事)
be different from 和…不同 be famous as 作為... 而出名
be famous for 因…而出名 be sorry for sth.為……抱歉;
be angry with sb.. 對(duì)某人生氣 be strict with對(duì)……嚴(yán)格要求
be angry at sth. 為某事生氣
be pleased with sb. 對(duì)某人感到滿意
be satisfied with sth.對(duì)某事感到滿意
be surprised at對(duì)……感到驚奇/詫異
�、� 介詞+名詞
at
at a time 一次，每次
at first 最初，開(kāi)始時(shí) at home 在家，隨便
at last 最后 at once 立即，同時(shí)
at least 至少 at most 至多
at play(work) 在玩耍(工作) at present 現(xiàn)在，目前
at the same time (與此) 同時(shí) at times 有時(shí)候
at the age of… 在……歲時(shí) at the end of… 在……之末
at the beginning of… 在……之初 at the foot of… 在……腳下
at night/noon 在夜里/中午
by:
by air 航空 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飛機(jī)等) by chance 偶然 by the way 順便說(shuō)一句 by mistake 錯(cuò)誤地，誤把… by turns 輪流
by the end of… 到……底為止 day by day日復(fù)一日
by hand用手，手工，親手 one by one一個(gè)接一個(gè) by oneself 親自
in:
in all 總共
in any case (event) 不管怎樣，反正 in danger 處于危險(xiǎn)中 in debt 負(fù)債 in demand 有需求
in detail 詳細(xì)地 in fact 實(shí)際上
in general 一般說(shuō)來(lái) in one’s opinion 在(某人) 看來(lái) in order to (that) 以便，為了 in other words 換句話說(shuō)
in person 親自 in trouble處于困境
in practice 實(shí)際上 in public(private) 公開(kāi)(私下) 地 in regard to 關(guān)于 in short 總之
in the end 最后 in the middle of 在…中間 in time 及時(shí) in turn 依次
in one's twenties 在某人二十幾歲時(shí) in a hurry 匆忙
in no time 立刻，很快
on:
on board 在船(飛機(jī)) 上 on fire 著火
on foot 步行 on holiday 在度假
on sale 在出售 on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí)
on the way 在路上 on one's way to 某人在去……的路上 on the top of 在…上面 on the other hand 另一方面
on the left (right) 在左(右) 邊 on the other side of 在……另一邊 out of:
out of breath 氣喘吁吁 out of work 失業(yè)
out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脫離危險(xiǎn)
out of doors 在戶外 out of fashion 不時(shí)新
out of reach 無(wú)法得到(拿到) out of temper 發(fā)脾氣 out of touch(with) 和…失去聯(lián)系 out of use 不再使用
1. (2015, 海安縣, 2)— Are you ready? We’ll go out for a picnic ____ three o’clock.
— OK! I’m coming.
A. in B. after C. for D. since
【參考答案】B
2. (2015,通州, 3) Facebook is one of the most popular websites in Britain ______ over twenty-five million users.
A. of B. for C. with D. by
【參考答案】C
3. (2015, 如東,10) It’s nice ____ Tom to tell me the news because it’s very important me.
A. for, of B of, to C. for, to D. of, of
【參考答案】B
4. (2015,如東,13) Most people are building a paper factory near here. They are worried the river will get polluted.
A. for B. with
【參考答案】C
5. (2015,崇川區(qū), 5) We live right here. Look! The house on the other side of the street is my uncle’s.
His house is ______ ours.
A. in front of
【參考答案】D
6. (2015, 海安，10)Why are you taking the book away? I ______ before bed every day.
A. used for reading
【參考答案】B
B. am used to reading D. used to read C. am used to read B. next to C. behind D. opposite C. against D. beyond
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