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      高分子材料專業(yè)英語(yǔ)部分課后答案

      時(shí)間:2022-12-09 17:26:42 課后答案 我要投稿
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      高分子材料專業(yè)英語(yǔ)部分課后答案

        篇一:高分子材料專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第二版曹同玉等編化學(xué)工業(yè)出版部分課后答案

        unit1

      高分子材料專業(yè)英語(yǔ)部分課后答案

        1。并不是所有的聚合物都是由一個(gè)重復(fù)單元鏈接在一起而形成的。在另一個(gè)極端的情形中,蛋白質(zhì)分子是由n個(gè)氨基酸重復(fù)單元鏈接在一起形成的聚酰胺。盡管在這個(gè)例子中,我們也許仍然把n稱為聚合度,但是沒(méi)有意義,因?yàn)橐粋(gè)氨基酸單元也許是在蛋白質(zhì)中找到的20多個(gè)分子中的`任意一個(gè)。在這種情況下,一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用來(lái)描述這個(gè)分子。當(dāng)知道了特定的氨基酸分子的實(shí)際含量,它們的序列正是生物化學(xué)家和分子生物學(xué)家特別感興趣的地方。

        2。(1)(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound

       。2)a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

        (3)a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

        3 結(jié)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù) 反應(yīng)式 壓強(qiáng)液相 實(shí)驗(yàn)室 固體

        分子溫度測(cè)量化合物 電氣 Unit2

        1,第一單元第四段

        2。 乙烯分子帶有一個(gè)雙鍵,為一種烯烴,它可以通過(guò)連鎖聚合大量地制造聚乙烯,目前,聚乙烯已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于許多技術(shù)領(lǐng)域和人們的日常生活中,成為一種不可缺少的材料。

        Ethylene molecule with a double bond, as a kind of olefins, it can make chain polymerization polyethylene, at present, polyethylene has been widely used in many fields of technology and People's Daily life, become a kind of indispensable materials。

        Unit3

        1聚合速率在實(shí)驗(yàn)上可以通過(guò)測(cè)定體系的任一性質(zhì)的變化而確定,如密度、折射率、黏度、或者吸光性能。密度的測(cè)量是這些技術(shù)中最準(zhǔn)確最敏感的。對(duì)許多單體的聚合來(lái)說(shuō),密度增加了20%—25%。在實(shí)際操作中,聚合體系的體積是通過(guò)在膨脹計(jì)中進(jìn)行反應(yīng)測(cè)定的。它被專門設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)造了毛細(xì)導(dǎo)管,在里面可以對(duì)微小體積變化進(jìn)行高精確度測(cè)量。通過(guò)膨脹計(jì)技術(shù)探測(cè)聚合過(guò)程中萬(wàn)分之幾的變化是很常見的。

        Unti4

        2Synthesizing polymer palys a more and more important role in a variety of fields as time goes by。 Polymers are usually produced from monomers by means of polyaddition and polycondensation。 Polyolefin and vinylpolymer are leaders in terms of the world's consumption,polyethylene and polyprogylene belong to the former,while polyvinylchloride and polystyrene belong to the latter。 Polymers can be widely used as plastic 、rubber、fiber、coating、binding agent and so on。

        篇二:高分子材料專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第二版(曹同玉,馮連芳,張菊華)課后例句翻譯

        Unit1

        1。The essentially the ‘giantness’of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene。

        實(shí)質(zhì)上,正是由于聚乙烯的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯這樣的一般化合物(的性能)。

        2。The globules of polyvinyl alcohol firstly absorb water,swell and get distorbed in shape and after a long time go into solution

        。聚乙烯醇顆粒首先吸水溶脹,發(fā)生變形,經(jīng)過(guò)很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間以后,(聚乙烯醇分子)進(jìn)入到溶液中。

        3。Another peculiarity is that ,in water,polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature as the excess sodium chloride does in a saturated salt solution。

        另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是,在水中聚乙烯醇不會(huì)像過(guò)量的氯化鈉在飽和鹽溶液中那樣能保持其初始的粉末狀態(tài)。

        UNIT2

        用自由基型引發(fā)劑或離子型引發(fā)劑引發(fā)連鎖反應(yīng)可以很清楚的進(jìn)行觀察。

        2。Such reactions occur through the initial addition of a monomer molecule to an initiator radical or an initiator ion,by which the active state is transferred from the added monomer。

        這樣的反應(yīng)是通過(guò)單體分子首先加成到引發(fā)劑自由基或引發(fā)劑離子上而進(jìn)行的,靠這些活性中心由引發(fā)劑轉(zhuǎn)移到被加成的單體上。

        UNIT3

        The net effect of this is that monomer molecules are consumed rapidly without any large increase in molecular weight。 酯化的結(jié)果是單體分子很快地被消耗掉,而分子量卻沒(méi)有多少增加。

        2。 The esterification reaction occurs anywhere in the monomer matrix where two monomer molecules collide, and once the ester has formed, it, too, can react further by virtue of its still—reactive hydroxyl or carboxyl groups。 酯化反應(yīng)出現(xiàn)在單體本體中兩個(gè)單體分子相碰撞的位置,且酯一旦形成,依靠酯上仍有活性的羥基或羧基還可以進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行反應(yīng)。

        3。 But each polymer molecule that forms still has reactive end groups; hence the polymerization reaction will continue in a stepwise fashion, with each esterification of monomers。

        但形成的每一種聚合物分子還有反應(yīng)活性的端基;因此,聚合反應(yīng)將以逐步的方式繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,其每一步酯化反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)速率和反應(yīng)機(jī)理均與初始單體的酯化作用相同。

        Unit4

        1。 With ionic polymerization there is no compulsory chain termination through

        recombination ,because the growing chain can not react with each other。

        對(duì)于離子型聚合來(lái)說(shuō),不存在通過(guò)再結(jié)合反應(yīng)而進(jìn)行的強(qiáng)迫鏈終止,因而生長(zhǎng)鏈之間不能發(fā)生鏈終止反應(yīng)。

        2。chain termination takes place only through impurities ,or through the addition of certain compounds such as water, alcohols,acids, amines, or oxygen,and in general through compounds which can react with polymerizing ions under the formation of neutral compound or inactive ionic species。

        鏈終止反應(yīng)僅僅通過(guò)雜質(zhì)而發(fā)生,或者說(shuō)通過(guò)某些像水,醇,酸,胺或者氧這樣的化合物進(jìn)

        行加成反應(yīng)而發(fā)生,且一般來(lái)說(shuō)(鏈終止反應(yīng))可通過(guò)這樣的化合物來(lái)進(jìn)行,這種化合物在中性聚合物或沒(méi)有聚合活性的離子型聚合物生成的過(guò)程中可以和活性聚合物例子進(jìn)行反應(yīng)。

        3。if the initiators are only partly dissociated ,the initiator reactions is an equilibrium reaction ,where reaction in one direction gives rise to chain initiation and in the other direction to chain termination。

        如果引發(fā)劑僅為部分的解離,引發(fā)反應(yīng)即為一個(gè)平衡反應(yīng),再出現(xiàn)平衡反映的場(chǎng)合,在一個(gè)方向上進(jìn)行鏈引發(fā)反應(yīng),而在另一個(gè)方向則進(jìn)行鏈終止反應(yīng)。

        4。To this group belong the also the so called Alfin catalysts,which are a mixture of sodium isopropylate,allylsodium,and sodium chloride。

        所謂的Aflin催化劑就是屬于這一類,這類催化劑是異丙醇鈉,烯丙基那,和氯化鈉的混合物。

        六

        5。Thus strength of polymer does not begin to develop until a minimum molecular weight of about 5000—10000 is achieved。

        因此,直到最小相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量增大到大約5000—10000以后聚合物的強(qiáng)度才開始顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

        6。In most instances,there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will be optimum for a particular application 。

        在大多數(shù)情況下,對(duì)于某特定的應(yīng)用來(lái)說(shuō),這種聚合物存在著某一分子量范圍,在這個(gè)范圍之內(nèi)其性能是最好的。

        7。When one speaks of the molecular weight of a polymer ,one means something quite different from that which applies to small—sized compounds

        當(dāng)人們談到聚合物分子量的時(shí)候,她所指的是和低分子化合物的分子量完全不同的另一回事。

        8。Different average molecular weights are obtained because the properties being measured arebiased differently sized polymer molecules in a polymer sample。

        對(duì)同一聚合物得到不同的平均分子量,因?yàn)閷?duì)所測(cè)得的性質(zhì)對(duì)試樣中的不同尺寸的聚合物分子有不同的偏差。

        七

        9。This may be all that happens if ,for example, the polymer—polymer intermolecular forces are high because of crosslinking ,crystallinity ,or strong hydrogen bonding 。

        例如,如果因交聯(lián),結(jié)晶和很強(qiáng)的氫鍵形成和娘的分子間作用力,(聚合物的溶解過(guò)程)有可能就停留在這一階段。

        10。In turn ,the presence o absence of solubility as conditions (such as the nature of the solvent ,or the temperature)are varied can give much information about the polymer。

        當(dāng)條件(溶劑的本質(zhì)或溫度)變化的時(shí)候,有無(wú)溶解性又可以許多關(guān)于這種聚合物的信息。

        11。As specified in the literature ,the arrangement of the polymer chain differing b reason of rotation about single bonds are termed conformations。

        正如在文獻(xiàn)中所定義的那樣,由于圍繞著單鍵的'旋轉(zhuǎn)而導(dǎo)致的聚合物鏈不同的空間排布叫做構(gòu)象。

        12。The random coil arises from the relative freedom of rotation associated with the chain bonds of most polymer and the formidably large number of conformations accessible to the molecule。 無(wú)規(guī)線團(tuán)一方面是由于聚合物鏈上的鍵自由旋轉(zhuǎn)而產(chǎn)生的,另一方面時(shí)候由于聚合物分子連可達(dá)到巨大的構(gòu)象數(shù)而產(chǎn)生的。

        Unit8

        1 X—ray and electron diffraction patterns often show the sharp features typical of three—dimensionally ordered, crystalline materials as well as the diffuse features characteristic of liquids。

        X 射線圖像和電子衍射圖樣常常會(huì)顯示出三維有序晶體材料的圖樣所具有的邊緣清晰的特征,也會(huì)顯示出液體的圖像所具有的邊緣模糊的特征。

        2 Polymer molecules are considered to pass through several different crystalline regions with crystallites being formed when segments from different polymer chains are precisely aligned together and undergo crystallization。

        當(dāng)來(lái)自不同聚合物鏈的鏈段精確的排列在一起結(jié)晶時(shí),認(rèn)為伴隨著微晶的生成,聚合物分子會(huì)通過(guò)幾個(gè)不同的晶區(qū)。

        3 Semi—crystalline polymers are considered by advocates of the folded—chain theory to be chain—folded crystals with varying amount of defects。

        摺疊鏈理論的支持者們認(rèn)為半晶聚合物為具有不同數(shù)量缺陷的折疊鏈晶體。

        4 Polymers with medium to low crystallinity can often be advantageously treated by the fringed—micelle concept as two—phase systems composed of crystallinites inbedded in uncrystallized, amorphous polymer。

        具有從中等到較低結(jié)晶度的聚合物常常適合用于櫻狀微束理論作為兩相體系來(lái)處理,這些體系是由微晶包埋在非晶的無(wú)定型聚合物中而構(gòu)成的。

        Unit 9

        1 As is found in all phases of polymer chemistry, there are many exceptions to this categorization。 正如在高分子化學(xué)各個(gè)部分都可以看到的那樣,對(duì)這種分類方法有很多例外情況。

        2 when the molecular chains are ‘straightened out’ or stretched by a process of extension, they do not have sufficient attraction for each other to maintain the oriented state and will retrace once the force is released。

        當(dāng)通過(guò)一個(gè)拉伸過(guò)程將分子鏈拉直的時(shí)候分子鏈彼此之間沒(méi)有足夠的相互吸引來(lái)保持其定向狀態(tài),作用力一旦解除,將發(fā)生收縮。

        3 Therefore, a potential fiber polymer will not become a fiber unless subjected to a drawing process, i。e。 , a process resulting in a high degree of intermolecular orientation。

        因此,可以制成纖維的聚合物將不成為纖維,除非經(jīng)過(guò)一個(gè)抽絲拉伸過(guò)程,即一個(gè)可以形成分子間高度取向的過(guò)程。

        4 It must be borne in mind that, with the advent of Ziegler—Natta mechanisms and new techniques to improve and extend crystallinity, and the closeness of packing of chains, many older data given should be critically considered in relation to the stereoregular and crystalline structure。

        必須牢記,隨著Z—N 機(jī)理的出現(xiàn),以及隨著提高結(jié)晶度和提高鏈的堆砌密度的新方法的出現(xiàn),對(duì)許多過(guò)去已得到的關(guān)于空間結(jié)構(gòu)和晶體結(jié)構(gòu)舊的資料,應(yīng)當(dāng)批判地接受。 Unit 10

        1 Depending on the temperature, the molecules of low molecular weight substance either move apart as a whole or do not move at all, i。e。 , there is a definite temperature(melting point Tm) below which the molecules do not move and above which they do move。

        根據(jù)溫度,低分子量的物質(zhì)要么整個(gè)分子移開,要么根本不運(yùn)動(dòng),有一個(gè)特定溫度(熔點(diǎn)Tm)在低于這一溫度時(shí)分子不運(yùn)動(dòng),而在高于這一溫度時(shí)分子則在運(yùn)動(dòng)。

        2 The local segments, where mobility is already activated, correspond to the liquid state, while

        the molecule as a whole, where mobility is forbidden, is in solid state。

        在一條分子鏈上某些流動(dòng)性已經(jīng)被激活額局部鏈段相應(yīng)這流體狀態(tài),而沒(méi)有被完全激活的整個(gè)分子則處于固體狀態(tài)。

        3 Under the influence of an applied stress, it exhibits properties of a viscous fluid as well as an elastic solid and undergoes what is called viscoelastic deformation。

        在外加應(yīng)力的作用下,聚合材料既顯示出黏性液體的性質(zhì),也顯示出彈性固體的性質(zhì),并發(fā)生所謂的黏彈形變。

        4 The Tg value along with the Tm value gives an indication of the temperature region at which a polymeric material transforms from a rigid solid to a soft viscous state。

        Tg 值和Tm 值表明了一個(gè)溫度范圍,在這個(gè)范圍內(nèi)聚合材料會(huì)由剛性轉(zhuǎn)變成為柔性的黏流態(tài)。

        Unit 11

        1 Their usefulness is related both to the functional groups and to the nature of the polymers whose characteristic properties depend mainly on the extraordinarily large size of the molecules。 他們(功能聚合物)之所以具有使用價(jià)值不僅與所帶的官能團(tuán)有關(guān),而且與由巨大的分子尺寸所決定的聚合物的特性有關(guān)。

        2 The attachment of functional groups to a polymer is frequently the first step towards the preparation of a functional polymer for a specific use。

        把官能團(tuán)連接到聚合物上常常是制備某種特殊用途的聚合物的重要的一步。

        3 A required active functional group can be introduced onto a polymeric support chain (1) by incorporation during the synthesis of the support itself through polymerization or copolymerization of monomers containing the desired functional groups, (2) by chemical modification of a non—functionalized performed support matrix and by a combination of (1) and

        (2)。

       。1)在合成主鏈聚合物時(shí)通過(guò)帶有所需官能團(tuán)的單體的均聚或共聚,使聚合物帶上官能團(tuán);

       。2)將先制成的未功能化的主鏈聚合物進(jìn)行化學(xué)改性;(3)將(1)和(2)兩種方法結(jié)合起來(lái)。

        4 Interest in the filed is being enhanced due to the possibility of creating systems that combine the unique properties of conventional active moieties and those of high molecular weight polymers。

        由于能夠制造出兼有活性官能團(tuán)特性和高分子量的聚合物性能的功能聚合物,所以人們對(duì)(功能聚合物)這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的興趣與日俱增。

        篇三:高分子材料工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)翻譯

        Unit 1 What are polymers

        What are polymersFor one thing, they are complex and giant molecules a

        nd are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt。

        什么是高聚物?首先,他們是合成物和大分子,而且不同于低分子化合物,譬如說(shuō)普通的鹽。

        To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58。5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands。

        與低分子化合物不同的是,普通鹽的分子量?jī)H僅是58。5,而高聚物的分子量高于105,甚至大于106。

        These big molecules or ‘macro—molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds。

        這些大分子或“高分子”由許多小分子組成。小分子相互結(jié)合形成大分子,大分子能夠是一種或多種化合物。

        To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material。 When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound。

        舉例說(shuō)明,想象一組大小相同并由相同的材料制成的環(huán)。當(dāng)這些環(huán)相互連接起來(lái),可以把形成的鏈看成是具有同種化合物組成的高聚物。

        Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds。

        另一方面,環(huán)可以大小不同、材料不同, 相連接后形成具有不同化合物組成的聚合物。 This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, poly meaning ‘many’ and mer meaning ‘part’ (in Greek)。

        聚合物的名稱來(lái)自于許多單元相連接,poly意味著“多、聚、重復(fù)”,mer意味著“鏈節(jié)、基體”(希臘語(yǔ)中)。

        As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight。

        例如:氣態(tài)化合物丁二烯的分子量為54,連接4000次可得到分子量大約為200000的聚丁二烯(合成橡膠)高聚物。

        The low molecular weight compounds from which the polymers form are known as monomers。 The picture is simply as follows:

        形成高聚物的低分子化合物稱為單體。下面簡(jiǎn)單地描述一下形成過(guò)程:

        butadiene + butadiene + + butadiene——→polybutadiene(4 000 time)

        丁二烯 +丁二烯++丁二烯——→聚丁二烯(4000次)

        One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (54×4 000≈)200 000 molecular weight。

        能夠知道分子量?jī)H為54的小分子物質(zhì)(單體)如何逐漸形成分子量為200000的大分子(高聚物)。

        It is essentially the “giantness” of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior (different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene。)

        實(shí)質(zhì)上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯這樣的一般化合物(的性能)

        Solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at 5。5℃ and , on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene。

        例如固態(tài)苯在5。5℃熔融成液態(tài)苯,進(jìn)一步加熱,煮沸成氣態(tài)苯。

        As against this well—defined behavior of a simple chemical compound, a polymer like polyethylene does not melt sharply at one particular temperature into clean liquid。

        與這類簡(jiǎn)單化合物明確的行為相比,像聚乙烯這樣的聚合物不能在某一特定的溫度快速地熔融成純凈的液體。

        Instead, it becomes increasingly softer and, ultimately, turns into a very viscous, tacky molten mass。 Further heating of this hot, viscous, molten polymer does convert it into various gases but it is no longer polyethylene。 (Fig。 1。1) 。

        而聚合物變得越來(lái)越軟,最終變成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融體。將這種熱而粘稠的聚合物熔融體進(jìn)一步加熱,它會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變成不同氣體,但它不再是聚乙烯(如圖1。1)

        Another striking difference with respect to the behavior of a polymer and that of a low molecular weight compound concerns the dissolution process。

        聚合物行為和低分子量化合物另一不同的行為為溶解過(guò)程。

        Let us take, for example, sodium chloride and add it slowly to fixed quantity of water。 The salt, which represents a low molecular weight compound, dissolves in water up to a point (called saturation point) but, thereafter, any further quantity added does not go into solution but settles at the bottom and just remains there as solid。

        例如,將氯化鈉慢慢地添加到定量的水中。鹽作為一種低分子量化合物,在水中溶解直到某一點(diǎn)(叫飽和點(diǎn)),但進(jìn)一步添加, 鹽不進(jìn)入溶液中卻沉到底部而保持原有的固體狀態(tài)

        The viscosity of the saturated salt solution is not very much different from that of water。 But if we take a polymer instead, say, polyvinyl alcohol, and add it to a fixed quantity of water, the polymer does not go into solution immediately。

        飽和鹽溶液的粘度與水的粘度接近。但是,如果我們用聚合物,如聚乙烯醇添加到定量水中,聚合物不是馬上進(jìn)入到溶液中。

        The globules of polyvinyl alcohol first absorb water, swell and get distorted in shape and after a long time go into solution。

        聚乙烯醇顆粒首先吸水溶脹,發(fā)生變形,經(jīng)過(guò)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間后,(聚乙烯醇分子)進(jìn)入到溶液中。

        Also, we can add a very large quantity of the polymer to the same quantity of water without the saturation point ever being reached。

        同樣地,我們可以將大量的聚合物加入到同樣量的水中,不存在飽和點(diǎn)。

        As more and more quantity of polymer is added to water, the time taken for the dissolution of the polymer obviously increases and the mix ultimately assumes a soft, dough—like consistency。

        將越來(lái)越多的聚合物加入水中,認(rèn)為聚合物溶解的時(shí)間明顯地增加,最終呈現(xiàn)柔軟像面團(tuán)一樣粘稠的混合物。

        Another peculiarity is that, in water, polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature [as the excess sodium chloride does] [in a saturated salt solution]。

        另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是,在水中聚乙烯醇不會(huì)像過(guò)量的氯化鈉在飽和鹽溶液中那樣能保持其初始的粉末狀態(tài)。

        In conclusion, we can say that (1) the long time taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dissolution,

       。2) the absence of a saturation point, and (3) the increase in the viscosity are all characteristics of a typical polymer being dissolved in a solvent and these characteristics are attributed mainly to the large molecular size of the polymer。

        總之,我們可以講(1)聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,(2)不存在飽和點(diǎn),(3)粘度的增加是聚合物溶于溶液中的典型特性,這些特性主要?dú)w因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。 The behavior of a low molecular weight compound and that of a polymer on dissolution are illustrated in Fig。1。2。

        Many olefinic and vinyl unsaturated compounds are able to form chain—like macromolecules through elimination of the double bond, a phenomenon first recognized by Staudinger。 Diolefins polymerize in the same manner, however, only one of the two double bonds is eliminated。

        Staudinger首先發(fā)現(xiàn)許多烯烴和不飽和烯烴通過(guò)打開雙鍵可以形成鏈?zhǔn)酱蠓肿。二烯烴以同樣的方式聚合,但僅消除兩個(gè)雙鍵中的一個(gè)。

        Such reactions occur through the initial addition of a monomer molecule to an initiator radical or an initiator ion, by which the active state is transferred from the initiator to the added monomer。

        這類反應(yīng)是通過(guò)單體分子首先加成到引發(fā)劑自由基或引發(fā)劑離子上而進(jìn)行的,靠這些反應(yīng)活性中心由引發(fā)劑轉(zhuǎn)移到被加成的單體上。

        In the same way by means of a chain reaction, one monomer molecule after the other is added (2000~20000 monomers per second) until the active state is terminated through a different type of reaction。

        單體分子通過(guò)鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)以同樣的方式一個(gè)接一個(gè)地加上(每秒2000~20000個(gè)單體)直到活性中心通過(guò)不同的反應(yīng)方式終止。

        The polymerization is a chain reaction in two ways: because of the reaction kinetic and because as a reaction product one obtains a chain molecule。 The length of the chain molecule is proportional to the kinetic chain length。

        聚合反應(yīng)成為鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)的兩種原因:反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)和作為鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)產(chǎn)物分子。鏈分子的長(zhǎng)度與動(dòng)力學(xué)鏈長(zhǎng)成正比。

        One can summarize the process as follow (R。 is equal to the initiator radical):

        鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)可以概括為以下過(guò)程(R·相當(dāng)與引發(fā)劑自由基):略

        One thus obtains polyvinylchloride from vinylchloride, or polystyrene from styrene, or polyethylene from ethylene, etc。

        因而通過(guò)上述過(guò)程由氯乙烯得到聚氯乙烯,或由苯乙烯獲得聚苯乙烯,或乙烯獲得聚乙烯,等等。

        The length of the chain molecules, measured by means of the degree of polymerization, can be varied over a large range through selection of suitable reaction conditions。 分子鏈長(zhǎng)通過(guò)聚合度測(cè)量,可以通過(guò)選擇適宜的反應(yīng)條件大為改變

        Usually, with commercially prepared and utilized polymers, the degree of polymerization lies in the range of 1000 to 5000, but in many cases it can be below 500 and over 10000。 商業(yè)制備和使用的聚合物,聚合度通常在1000~5000范圍內(nèi),但在許多情況下可低于500或高于10000。

        This should not be interpreted to mean that all molecules of a certain polymeric material consist of 500, or 1000, or 5000 monomer units。 In almost all cases, the polymeric material consists of a mixture of polymer molecules of different degrees of polymerization。

        這不應(yīng)該把聚合物材料所有的分子理解為由500,或1000,或5000個(gè)單體單元組成。在幾乎所有的情況下,聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物組成。

        Polymerization, a chain reaction, occurs according to the same mechanism as the well—known chlorine—hydrogen reaction and the decomposition of phosegene。

        鏈?zhǔn)骄酆戏磻?yīng)的機(jī)理與眾所周知的氯(氣)—?dú)洌猓┓磻?yīng)和光氣的分解機(jī)理相同。 The initiation reaction, which is the activation process of the double bond, can be brought about by heating, irradiation, ultrasonics, or initiators。 The initiation of the chain reaction can be observed most clearly with radical or ionic initiators。

        通過(guò)雙鍵活化的引發(fā)劑反應(yīng),可以通過(guò)熱、輻射、超聲波或引發(fā)劑產(chǎn)生。可以很清楚地進(jìn)行研究用自由基型或離子型引發(fā)劑引發(fā)的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)。

        These are energy—rich compounds which can add suitable unsaturated compounds (monomers) and maintain the activated radical or ionic state so that further monomer molecules can be added in the same manner。

        這些是高能態(tài)的化合物,它們能夠加成不飽和化合物(單體)并保持自由基或離子活性中心 以致單體可以以同樣的方式進(jìn)一步加成。

        For the individual steps of the growth reaction one needs only a relatively small activation

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