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高考英語考點之時態(tài)及練習
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時
①表示客觀事實或普通真理(不受時態(tài)限制)
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100oC.
�、诒硎粳F(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時多用系動詞或狀態(tài)動詞;表示經(jīng)�；蛄晳T性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
�、郾硎局X、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.
④在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。但要注意由if 引導的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時態(tài)。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會，我的家人會非常高興。
�、萆贁�(shù)用于表示起止的動詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。當be表示根據(jù)時間或事先安排，肯定會出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
2. 一般過去時
�、僖话氵^去時的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)常與表示過去具體的時間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示);用于表達過去的習慣;表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過去式。如：
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting,but it isn’t.
�、谌绻麖木渲杏幸粋�過去的時間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動詞連用過去式。如：
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
�、郾硎緝蓚�緊接著發(fā)生的動作，常由以下詞語連接，用一般過去時。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
�、艹Ｓ靡话氵^去時的句型：
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t notice it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
3. 一般將來時
�、俦硎疚磥淼膭幼骰驙顟B(tài)常用will / shall + 動詞(常與表示將來的時間狀語邊用如tomorrow、next week等)。
�、诒硎疽环N趨向或習慣動作。
We’ll die without air or water.
�、郾硎沮呄蛐袨榈膭釉~如come、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進行時的形式表示將來時。
�、躡e going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區(qū)別：
be going to 表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈�，這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準備;shall / will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時作出的決定。
be going to 表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中;而will則能，表意愿。如：
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正確)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯誤)
be to do sth.表按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句。
Autumn harvest is about to start.
4. 現(xiàn)在進行時
①表示說話時正在發(fā)生著的一個動作;表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時;表近期特定的安排或計劃;go、come等起止動作可用進行時代替將來時。如：
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復的行動或某種感情色彩)
�、谙旅嫠念悇釉~不宜用現(xiàn)在進行時。(A)表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(B)表存在的狀態(tài)的動詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。(C)表示一時性動作的動詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(D)表示感官的動詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
5. 過去完成時
�、俪Ｓ眠^去完成時的幾種情況：(A)在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句以前發(fā)生的動作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/
though / wanted / expected等或用上述動詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned … + to have done。(C)“時間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時;“時間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.(D)表示“一……就”的幾個句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過去時。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before或after引導的時間狀語從句中用一般過去時態(tài)代替過去完成時。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
6. 過去將來時
參照一般將來時對比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過去將來;come、go、leave等過去進行時表過去將來時;was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過去將來。
7. 過去進行時
�、龠^去某一時刻正在進行的動作或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。
�、谀骋粍幼靼l(fā)生時另一動作正在發(fā)生，其中一個在由when或while引導的時間狀語從句中。
8. 現(xiàn)在完成時
�、佻F(xiàn)在完成時除可以和for、since引導的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。
②下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時
It is (has been) + 一段時間 + since從句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成時
This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成時
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 從句 + 完成時
�、墼跁r間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在完成時可以代替一般將來時。如：
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
9. 時態(tài)區(qū)別
①一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時：時間上有差異：凡有過去時間的均用過去時態(tài)，不能用完成時態(tài)，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。
結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是對“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果，動作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù);一般過去時強調(diào)的是動作發(fā)生在“過去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無關系。
�、谶^去完成時與一般過去時：過去完成時強調(diào)的是“過去的過去”;如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個動作(“連謂”)形式則只用一般過去時即可。
2、被動語態(tài)考查要點簡述
被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be + 過去分詞，口語只也有用get / become + 過去分詞表示。被動語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時用被動語態(tài)。強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(tài)(by短語有時可以省略)。
(1)使用被動語態(tài)時應注意的幾個問題。
�、僦鲃幼兓粍訒r雙賓語的變化�？聪铝欣洹�
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
�、谥鲃幼儽粍訒r，賓補成主補(位置不變);(作補語的)不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時，勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
�、芮閼B(tài)動詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結(jié)構(gòu)變被動語態(tài)，只需將它們后面的動詞原形變?yōu)閎e +過去分詞。
�、莓斁渥拥闹^語為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式：(A)謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補。(B)用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示。如：
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
類似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
(2)不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況。
�、偎械牟患拔飫釉~或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)之中。
②表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。
�、郾硎練w屬的動詞，如have、own、belong to等。
④表示“希望、意圖”的動詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
�、葙e語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。
�、拶e語是同源賓語，不定式、動名詞等謂語動詞不用被動語態(tài)。
⑦有些動詞以其主動形式表示被動意義，特別是當主語是物時，常見的動詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。
(3)主動形式表被動意義。
�、佼攆eel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時;當cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語修飾語時;當動詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等意義時。
This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.這些小說不暢銷。
My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。
The door won’t lock.門鎖不上。
The fish smells good.魚聞起來香。
②當break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動詞表示“發(fā)生、關閉、制定”等意思時。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
�、踳ant, require, need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義。
�、躡e worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。
�、菰凇癰e + 形容詞 + to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受譴責)，be to rent(出租)也用主動形式表被動。
(4)被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況。
①be seated坐著
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后。
�、踒e lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
�、輇e dressed穿著
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
(5)被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別
被動語態(tài)強調(diào)動作;系表結(jié)構(gòu)表主語的特點或狀態(tài)。如：
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動語態(tài))
The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))
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