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Part 1 – Getting Started
1
Instructor’s Manual to accompany
Public Finance, Eighth Edition, by Harvey S. Rosen and Ted Gayer
Suggested Answers to End-of-Chapter Discussion Questions
Some of the questions have no single “correct” answer – reasonable people can go off in
different directions. In such cases, the answers provided here sketch only a few possibilities.
Chapter 1 - Introduction
1.
a.
Putin’s statement is consistent with an organic conception of government.
Individuals and their goals are less important than the state.
b.
Locke makes a clear statement of the mechanistic view of the state in which
individual liberty is of paramount importance.
2.
Libertarians believe in a very limited government and are skeptical about the ability of
government to improve social welfare.
Social democrats believe that substantial
government intervention is required for the good of individuals.
Someone with an
organic conception of the state believes that the goals of society are set by the state and
individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals.
a.
A law prohibiting gambling would probably be opposed by a libertarian and
advocated by a social democrat. Someone with an organic conception of the state
would first decide whether gambling would help to achieve the state’s goals
before taking a position on this issue.
If the view is that gambling keeps
individuals from being productive, then someone with an organic view would
probably be in favor of prohibiting it, but if gambling is considered a good way to
raise more revenue for the state, then they might oppose the prohibition.
b.
Libertarians oppose the law mandating seat belt use, arguing that individuals can
best decide whether or not to use seat belts without government coercion. Social
democrats take the position that the mandate saves lives and ultimately benefits
individuals. The organic view would probably lead to favoring the mandate on the
grounds that reduced health care costs caused by fewer accidents benefit society.
c.
Libertarians oppose the law mandating child safety seats, arguing that individuals
can best decide whether or not to use child safety seats without government
coercion.
Social democrats take the position that the mandate saves lives and
ultimately benefits individuals. The organic view would probably lead to favoring
the mandate on the grounds that reduced health care costs caused by fewer
accidents benefit society.
Chapter 1 - Introduction
2
d.
Libertarians would probably oppose a law prohibiting prostitution, while social
democrats would likely favor such a law. The organic view depends on the type
of society policymakers are attempting to achieve. The law would probably be
favored on moral grounds.
e.
Libertarians would probably oppose a law prohibiting polygamy, while social
democrats would likely favor such a law. The organic view depends on the type
of society policymakers are attempting to achieve. The law would probably be
favored on moral grounds.
f.
Libertarians would likely oppose the law, believing that individual business
owners should make the decision about which language is used for their signs.
Social democrats would also probably oppose the law in order to foster a more
inclusive society. Those with an organic view would probably favor the law if
they hold the view that every member of the society should speak the native
language.
3.
The mechanistic view of government says that the government is a contrivance created
by individuals to better achieve their individual goals. Within the mechanistic tradition,
people could disagree on the obesity tax. Libertarians would say that people can decide
what is best for themselves - whether to consume high calorie food - and do not need
prodding from the government. In contrast, social democrats might argue that people are
too short sighted to know what is good for them, so that government-provided
inducements are appropriate.
4.
a.
If the size of government is measured by direct expenditures, the mandate does not
directly increase it. Costs of compliance, however, may be high and would appear
as an increase in a “regulatory budget.”
b.
This law would not increase government expenditures, but the high costs of
compliance would increase the regulatory budget.
c.
It’s hard to say whether this represents an increase or decrease in the size of
government.
One possibility is that GDP stayed the same, and government
purchases of goods and services fell. Another is that government purchases of
goods and services grew, but at a slower rate than the GDP.
One must also
consider coincident federal credit and regulatory activities and state and local
budgets.
d.
The federal budget would decrease if grants-in-aid were reduced. However, if
state and local governments offset this by increasing taxes, the size of the
government sector as a whole would not go down as much as one would have
guessed.
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