Lesson 33 Out of the darkness

【New words and expressions】（12）
darkness n. 黑暗
explain v. 解釋，敘述
coast n. 海岸
storm n. 暴風(fēng)雨
towards prep. 向，朝；接近
rock n. 巖石，礁石
shore n. 海岸
light n. 燈光
ahead adv. 在前面
cliff n. 峭壁
struggle v. 掙扎
hospital n. 醫(yī)院
★darkness n. 黑暗
in the darkness 在黑暗中(在沒有光線的情況下)

★explain [iks5plein] v. 解釋, 敘述
explanation [7eksplE5neiFEn] n. 解釋
Could you give me an explanation? 能給我一個(gè)解釋嗎?
interpret [in5tE:prit] v. 解釋, (強(qiáng)調(diào)翻譯)語言之間的解釋
interpreter [in5tE:pritE] n. 解釋程序，解釋者，口譯人員，翻譯員，講解員
interpretation [in7tE:pri5teiFEn] n. 解釋, 闡明, 口譯, 通譯
interpretress [In`t\:prItrIs] n. 女翻譯員

★coast n. 海岸（地理意義上的海岸, 海岸線等, 感覺旁邊是巖石, 很陡峭
seashore n. 海岸（跟游玩有關(guān)系, 為了游玩的）
seaside n. 海邊
seashore/ seaside 給人的感覺是旁邊是沙灘, 可以進(jìn)行日光浴的感覺
bank n. 河岸，壩，堤（兩邊比水面高）

★storm n. 暴風(fēng)雨 (只解釋為“風(fēng)暴”)
snowstorm n. 暴風(fēng)雪
thunderstorm [5WQndEstC:m] n. [氣]雷暴，雷雨
rain heavily 表示雨下得很大
pour [pC:, pCE] v. 灌注, 傾瀉, 涌入, 流, 傾盆大雨
The rain is pouring. 傾盆大雨
It's raining cats and dogs. 滂沱大雨

★towards prep. 向, 朝, 接近
towards 強(qiáng)調(diào)nearer and nearer（強(qiáng)調(diào)越來越近）

★rock n. 巖石, 礁石
rock 表示huge stone （huge[hju:dV] adj 巨大的, 極大的, 無限的）

★ahead adv. 在前面
a開頭的詞（asleep，awake，alive，ahead，alight…）往往是表語形容詞。不管是作表語形容詞，還是副詞，都放在名詞的后面，一般形容詞放在名詞的前面
ahead 的用法：
① 放在被修飾詞的后面作定語, 定語后置
light ahead 前方的燈光
② ahead of… 在……前面
He went ahead of me. 他走在我前面
③ go ahead 朝前走；請(qǐng)隨便(回答請(qǐng)求時(shí)用)
--Would you mind my using your telephone? / Can I use your telephone?
--Ok, go ahead.
--Can I smoke here?
--Go ahead. /Sorry +一個(gè)原因(可能是事實(shí), 可能是個(gè)借口)


★hospital v. 醫(yī)院
hospital前面是否加the，和它的功能有關(guān)系，一旦+the, 只表示地點(diǎn)
go to hospital 看病 ； go to the hospital 去醫(yī)院（看望病人）
in hospital 住院 ； in the hospital 在醫(yī)院

【Text】
Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her. One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm. Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea. Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water. During that time she covered a distance of eight miles. Early next morning, she saw a light ahead. She knew she was near the shore because the light was high up on the cliffs. On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen. That was all she remembered. When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.

參考譯文
幾乎過了一個(gè)星期, 那姑娘才能講述自己的遭遇. 一天下午, 她乘小船從海岸出發(fā), 遇上了風(fēng)暴. 天將黑時(shí), 小船撞在了一塊礁石上, 姑娘跳進(jìn)了海里. 她在海里游了整整一夜才游到岸邊. 在那段時(shí)間里, 她游了8英里. 第二天凌晨, 她看到前方有燈光, 知道自己已經(jīng)接近岸邊了, 因?yàn)槟菬艄馐窃诟吒叩那捅谏? 到達(dá)岸邊后, 姑娘朝著她看到的燈光方向掙扎著往峭壁上爬去. 她所記得的就是這些. 第二天她醒來時(shí), 發(fā)現(xiàn)自己躺在醫(yī)院里.

【課文講解】
1、Nearly a week passed before the girl was able to explain what had happened to her.
nearly adv. 將近
nearly a week 快一個(gè)星期了
“一段時(shí)間以后”句型：
sometime later…
Three days later, my mother returned. （強(qiáng)調(diào)某人做某事，簡(jiǎn)單句)
Three days passed and then my mother returned.
并列句, 既強(qiáng)調(diào)某人做某事, 又強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間(有多久)
…passed before…
Three days passed before my mother returned.
強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間(這么久的時(shí)間, 時(shí)間狀語從句, 后面是從句)
be able to強(qiáng)調(diào)有能力, 且能夠成功(還強(qiáng)調(diào)成功)；can 只表示能力
I can swim across the river. 我能游過這條河（但沒有游過，不知道能不能成功）
I was able to swim across the river.

2、One afternoon she set out from the coast in a small boat and was caught in a storm.
set out = set off = begin a journey 出發(fā)
set out from… 從……出發(fā)
be caught in+災(zāi)難 （突然）遇到/上（風(fēng)暴等）
be caught in a earthquake (earthquake [5E:Wkweik] n. 地震)
I was caught in a rain. 我遇上了一場(chǎng)雨
As soon as he left, it began to rain.
He was caught in a rain when he left. 他剛一離開, 就下雨了
遇上人用meet, 遇上災(zāi)難用be caught in…

3、Towards evening, the boat struck a rock and the girl jumped into the sea.
towards evening 天越來越晚
strike強(qiáng)調(diào)的往往是猛烈的撞擊

4、Then she swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water.
“to”強(qiáng)調(diào)朝那個(gè)方向去, 但沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)越來越近；“towards”朝那個(gè)方向去，強(qiáng)調(diào)距離越來越近

5、During that time she covered a distance of eight miles.
cover可籠統(tǒng)地表示“行過（一段路程）”，根據(jù)上下文可具體譯為“走過、飛過、游過”等。
The bird covered the distance in three minutes.
a distance of+具體長(zhǎng)度 多長(zhǎng)的距離，表示具體的距離
the red army covered a distance of 25000… 兩萬五千里長(zhǎng)征

6、Early next morning, she saw a light ahead.
a light ahead 前方的一盞燈（ahead 放在被修飾詞的后面）

7、On arriving at the shore, the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen.
“on +動(dòng)名詞”相當(dāng)于一個(gè)由as soon as＝the moment或when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，as soon as＝the moment后面要加句子，on 后面一定要加動(dòng)詞ing, 承認(rèn)動(dòng)詞是由主句主語做的
On reaching the airport, he was arrested by the police.
“…up the cliff towards the…”用兩個(gè)介詞起到動(dòng)詞的'作用，up在此處為介詞，表示“沿著……往上”

8、That was all she remembered.
all作表語，是先行詞, she remember 修飾 all 作定語從句, 省略 that
That was all I wanted to say. 那就是我想說的全部
That was all I can do for you.＝I can do nothing else for you.

9、When she woke up a day later, she found herself in hospital.
find +賓語+賓補(bǔ) 發(fā)現(xiàn)……（賓補(bǔ)可以由形容詞或介詞短語充當(dāng)）
find the books tidy 發(fā)現(xiàn)書擺放得整齊
I found the books in order.
When I woke up, I found myself in bed.

【Key structures】
表示方向和目的地的介詞和副詞
① 表示“上、下”的兩對(duì)小品詞是on和off，up和down
Jim’s standing on the roof. I hope he won’t fall off.
Tom’s climbing up the tree. I hope he won’t fall down.
② 表示“來、去”的一對(duì)小品詞是from和to；towards（強(qiáng)調(diào)越來越近）的意義和to（強(qiáng)調(diào)目標(biāo)）相近，表示“朝，向，接近”等；for在有些動(dòng)詞后面也表示“往，向”的意思
The ball was coming towards me.
The plane flies from Moscow to New York.
He went for home.
leave for… 動(dòng)身到某地（強(qiáng)調(diào)離開，出發(fā)）
Yesterday my father left for Tianjin.
set out for… 動(dòng)身到某地
He left/ set out for New York yesterday.
head for/to 前往 （強(qiáng)調(diào)“去”）
③ 表示“進(jìn)去，出來”這兩種方向的介詞為into（進(jìn)、入）和out of（從...出來）；表示“在某個(gè)地方”或“在……里面/外面”可用at（含有一種瞄準(zhǔn)的概念，方向性），in，out of等；表示目的地或位置往往用at
aim at，fire at(瞄準(zhǔn)開火)，throw at，threw to the bank
Tell him go into my house.
Did you stop anywhere on your way to the office?
去辦公室的路上你在別的地方逗留過嗎？
④ 表示“穿過，越過，繞過”等動(dòng)詞時(shí)，往往用through，across，under，over，round等介詞
How did you get through the fence? 你怎么穿過籬笆的？
How did you get over the wall?

【Special difficulties】
Pass and Past
pass和past的區(qū)別主要是詞義上的區(qū)別，pass是動(dòng)詞，其過去式為passed，過去分詞是passed或past。當(dāng)作及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，可表示“經(jīng)過，通過（考試），超過”等，作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)可表示“（時(shí)間等）消逝”。
Your sister passed me in her new car, driving great speed.
I’ve passed/past my French test.
A month has passed/past since I left home.
past可以作形容詞、介詞、名詞等，作形容詞時(shí)表示“以前的，過去的”等；作介詞時(shí)表示“經(jīng)過，超出（范圍等）”；作名詞時(shí)表示“過去，昔時(shí)，往事”等。
Frank is proud of his past experience.
I go past the garden.
Can you tell me something about your past?

Next and Other
next表示時(shí)間順序上“緊接的，下一個(gè)”，如果以現(xiàn)在為基準(zhǔn)，則next前一般不加the；如果以過去或?qū)�來的某一時(shí)間為基準(zhǔn)，則next前面要加the或其他修飾詞。
next day 第二天
Mary phoned the next day to tell us that she couldn’t come to the party.
第二天瑪麗打來電話告訴我們她不能參加晚會(huì)了。
the other day =a few days ago (幾天前)，
Mary phoned the other day to tell us that she had arrived in London.
前幾天瑪麗來電話告訴我們她已到達(dá)倫敦。
the other day 出現(xiàn)一定是過去時(shí)；next day有可能是過去式, 有可能是將來式

【Multiple choice questions】
4 She swam to the shore ___a___ the night in the water.
a. having spent b. having spending c. when spending d. had spent
只有謂語動(dòng)詞才有時(shí)態(tài)，句子中如果沒有連詞, 但有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞, 要把其中一個(gè)動(dòng)詞變成非謂語動(dòng)詞
從語法上講 a, c 都對(duì)
用“when +doing”句型（when 是連詞的標(biāo)志）時(shí)主語要跟主句的相同，謂語動(dòng)詞含有be doing 結(jié)構(gòu) (兩個(gè)條件必須滿足)
When standing there I found the book very interesting. (省略了I was)
She swam to the shore after spending the whole night in the water.

5 How ___c___ was the shore? Eight miles.
a. away far b. far from c. far away d. long
far from +地點(diǎn)(必須加)
對(duì)距離提問：
How far away…? (away可省略)
What's the distance…?

6 That was all she remembered. She couldn't remember ___b___.
a. some more b. anymore c. no more d. none more
not any more = not any longer = not any further 不再
no，none 不會(huì)和 more 連用, some不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在否定句中

12 That was all she remembered. She couldn't ___c___ very much
a. remind b. memorise c. recollect d. mind
remind v. 提醒 ； memorise [`memLraIz] v. 記住 ；
recollect [7rekE5lekt] v. 回憶 ； mind v. 介意