生物專業(yè)英語試題及答案（二）
將英語短文譯為中文:（4篇短文，每個小題的標(biāo)題也要翻譯，各為15、10、10、5分，共40分）
1. “The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004”Press Release（15分）
4 October 2004
The Nobel Assemblyat Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2004 jointly toRichard Axel and Linda B. Buckfor their discoveries of "odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
Summary
The sense of smell long remained the most enigmatic of our senses. The basic principles for recognizing and remembering about 10,000 different odours were not understood. This year's Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine have solved this problem and in a series of pioneering studies clarified how our olfactory system works. They discovered a large gene family, comprised of some 1,000 different genes (three per cent of our genes) that give rise to an equivalent number of olfactory receptor types. These receptors are located on the olfactory receptor cells, which occupy a small area in the upper part of the nasal epithelium and detect the inhaled odorant molecules.
Each olfactory receptor cell possesses only one type of odorant receptor, and each receptor can detect a limited number of odorant substances. Our olfactory receptor cells are therefore highly specialized for a few odours. The cells send thin nerve processes directly to distinct micro domains, glomeruli, in the olfactory bulb, the primary olfactory area of the brain. Receptor cells carrying the same type of receptor send their nerve processes to the same glomerulus. From these micro domains in the olfactory bulb the information is relayed further to other parts of the brain, where the information from several olfactory receptors is combined, forming a pattern. Therefore, we can consciously experience the smell of a lilac flower in the spring and recall this olfactory memory at other times.
Richard Axel, New York, USA, and Linda Buck, Seattle, USA, published the fundamental paper jointly in 1991, in which they described the very large family of about one thousand genes for odorant receptors. Axel and Buck have since worked independent of each other, and they have in several elegant, often parallel, studies clarified the olfactory system, from the molecular level to the organization of the cells.
2004年諾貝爾生理或醫(yī)學(xué)獎新聞稿（發(fā)布公告）
2004年10月4日
卡羅琳斯卡研究所的諾貝爾大會于今天已經(jīng)決定將2004年度諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎共同授予理查德·阿克塞爾和琳達(dá)·巴克是因為（以表彰）他們在“氣味受體和嗅覺系統(tǒng)的組織”的發(fā)現(xiàn)
摘要
1.2 第1段漢化（4分）:
長期以來，嗅覺仍是人類感覺中最神秘的。識別和記憶大約1萬種不同氣味的基本原理并未被理解。今年的諾貝爾生理學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)獎獲得者解決了這一問題，并用一系列開創(chuàng)性的研究工作，闡明了我們的嗅覺系統(tǒng)如何工作（的原理）。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個龐大的基因家族，它由1千種不同的基因組成（占人類基因組數(shù)目的百分之三），因而產(chǎn)生相同數(shù)量的嗅覺受體類型。這些受體位于嗅覺受體細(xì)胞上，它們占據(jù)了小面積的鼻上皮上部，并且在此感知吸入的氣味分子。
1.3 第2段漢化（5分）:
每個嗅覺受體細(xì)胞只擁有一種類型的氣味受體，而每種受體可以感知（探測）種數(shù)有限的氣味物質(zhì)。因此，我們的嗅覺受體細(xì)胞對于一些特定氣味則是高度�；摹＿@些細(xì)胞發(fā)出細(xì)長的神經(jīng)突起直接到達(dá)嗅球的不同微域—嗅小球，而嗅球是大腦的初級嗅覺區(qū)域。擁有同種受體的受體細(xì)胞發(fā)出它們的神經(jīng)突起（即軸突神經(jīng)）到達(dá)同種嗅小球。從嗅球的這些微域中，信息是被進(jìn)一步傳達(dá)至大腦的其他部位，在那里來自幾種嗅覺受體的信息相結(jié)合，從而形成一個嗅覺模式（格局）。因此，我們能夠在春天自覺體驗丁香花的氣味，并在以后時間里回味這些（美好的）嗅覺記憶。
1.4 第3段漢化（3分）:
來自美國紐約理查德·阿克塞爾，和來自美國西雅圖的琳達(dá)·巴克，于1991年共同發(fā)表了那篇奠基性論文，在該文中他們描述（報道）了具有大約1千種氣味受體基因的一個巨大家族。自那以后，Axel（人名可不譯，照搬即可）和Buck各自獨立開展研究，而且取得了若干漂亮的、往往是平行的研究成果，從分子水平到細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，闡明了嗅覺系統(tǒng)（的結(jié)構(gòu)和原理）
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