大學《生物專業(yè)英語》期末試題及答案（三）
將英語短文譯為中文:（4篇短文，每個小題的標題也要翻譯，各為15、10、10、5分，共40分）
2. Kin Recognition （10分）
Many organisms, from sea squirts to primates, can identify their relatives. Understanding how and why they do so has prompted new thinking about the evolution of social behavior by David W. Pfennig and Paul W. Sherman Kinship is a basic organizing principle of all societies. Humans possess elaborate means by which to identify relatives, such as using surnames and maintaining detailed genealogies.
Mechanisms for distinguishing kin also occur throughout the plant and animal kingdoms regardless of an organism’s social or mental complexity, in creatures as diverse as wildflowers and wasps. Scientists are beginning to discover that an understanding of the origin and mechanisms of kin recognition offers fresh insights into such diverse topics as how living things choose their mates, how they learn and how their immune system works.
BELDING’S GROUND SQUIRRELS live in groups in which mothers, daughters and sisters cooperate extensively. By using odors, the squirrels can distinguish familiar nestmates, who are close kin, from nonnestmates. They can also discriminate between full sisters and half sisters.
親屬識別
許多生物，從海鞘以靈長類動物，可以識別其親屬。
了解它們?nèi)绾我约盀槭裁催@樣做，已促進對社會行為進化的新的思考。
David W. Pfennig 和 Paul W. Sherman（姓名可不譯）
2.2 第1段漢化（5分）:
親屬關(guān)系是所有社會的一種基本組織準則（1分）。人類擁有精致的手段，例如使用姓氏和保存詳細的族譜以查驗親屬（1分）。無論生物之社會或心理的復雜性，辨別親屬的機制也遍及植物和動物界，其在生物界多樣性就如同植物之野花和動物之黃蜂一樣多（1分）�？茖W家開始發(fā)現(xiàn)，對親屬識別的起源和機制的理解，提供了對如此多樣課題的新穎見解（透視），例如生物如何選擇其配偶，他們?nèi)绾螌W習以及其免疫系統(tǒng)如何工作（2分）。
2.3 第2段漢化（2分）:
拜氏（貝爾丁）地松鼠營群體生活，在其社群生活中母親、女兒和姐妹廣泛合作。通過利用氣味，這種松鼠能夠辨別熟悉的巢伴、親屬和非巢伴。它們還可以區(qū)分全姐妹和半姐妹。
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